The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire (96 page)

419   The life and times of Hatshepsut are discussed by Donald B. Redford,
History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies
(University of Toronto Press, 1967); Gay Robins,
Women in Ancient Egypt
(British Museum Press, London, 1993); Lana Troy, “Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History” (
Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
14, Uppsala, Sweden, 1986); Eric Uphill, “A Joint Sed Festival of Thutmose III and Queen Hatshepsut,”
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
20 (1961): 248–251; and Joyce Marcus, “Breaking the Glass Ceiling: The Strategies of Royal Women in Ancient States,” in Cecelia F. Klein, ed.,
Gender in Pre-Hispanic America
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 2001), 305–340.

CHAPTER 20: BLACK OX HIDES AND GOLDEN STOOLS

422   David Phillipson, in
The Later Prehistory of Eastern and Southern Africa
(Heinemann, London, 1977), discusses the Bantu migration.

423   The rise of the Dlamini clan is described in Hilda Kuper,
An African Aristocracy: Rank among the Swazi
(Oxford University Press, 1947). See also Andrew S. Goudie and D. Price Williams, “The Atlas of Swaziland,”
Occasional Papers
4 (The Swaziland National Trust Commission, Mbabane, 1983).

426   Hilda Kuper,
An African Aristocracy
(see previous reference).

433   Arthur A. Saxe, “Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices” (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1970).

435   Thurstan Shaw,
Igbo-Ukwu
(Faber, London, 1970).

435   Thomas C. McCaskie, “Denkyira in the Making of Asante,”
Journal of African History
48 (2007): 1–25; Thomas C. McCaskie,
State and Society in Pre-Colonial Asante
(Cambridge University Press, 1995); Ivor Wilks,
Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order
(Cambridge University Press, 1975).

436   Naomi Chazan, “The Early State in Africa: The Asante Case,” in Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, Michel Abitbol, and Naomi Chazan, eds.,
The Early State in African Perspective: Culture, Power and Division of Labor
(E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, 1988), 60–97.

441   Robert S. Rattray,
Ashanti
(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1923). Also see Robert S. Rattray,
Religion and Art in Ashanti
(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1927), and
Ashanti Law and Constitution
(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1929).

447   Baden-Powell is quoted by Robert S. Rattray in
Ashanti
(see previous reference).

CHAPTER 21: THE NURSERY OF CIVILIZATION

450   Robert McC. Adams, “Agriculture and Urban Life in Early Southwestern Iran,”
Science
136 (1962): 109–122; Frank Hole, ed.,
The Archaeology of Western Iran
(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1987).

450   Pinhas P. Delougaz and Helene J. Kantor, “Chogha Mish, vol. 1: The First Five Seasons of Excavations, 1961–71,”
Oriental Institute Publications,
vol. 101 (University of Chicago Press, 1996).

451   Frank Hole, “Archaeology of the Village Period,” in Frank Hole, ed.,
The Archaeology of Western Iran,
29–78; Frank Hole, “Settlement and Society in the Village Period,” in Frank Hole, ed.,
The Archaeology of Western Iran,
79–105.

452   Gregory A. Johnson, “The Changing Organization of Uruk Administration on the Susiana Plain,” in Frank Hole, ed.,
The Archaeology of Western Iran,
107–139.

452   Anatol Rapaport, in “Rank-Size Relations,” in David Sills, ed.,
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences,
vol. 13 (Macmillan, New York, 1968), 319–329, provides a short introduction to rank-size models. Gregory A. Johnson, in “Rank-size Convexity and System Integration: A View from Archaeology,”
Economic Geography
56 (1980): 234–247, shows the relevance of the models to archaeology.

453   Gregory A. Johnson, “The Changing Organization of Uruk Administration on the Susiana Plain” (see previous reference).

453   Henry T. Wright and Gregory A. Johnson, “Population, Exchange, and Early State Formation in Southwestern Iran,”
American Anthropologist
77 (1975): 267–289.

454   Gregory A. Johnson, “Local Exchange and Early State Development in Southwestern Iran,”
Anthropological Papers
51 (Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1973).

455   Hans J. Nissen, “Grabung in den Quadraten K/L XII in Uruk-Warka,”
Baghdader Mitteilungen
5 (1970): 102–191 (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Baghdad, Iraq); Gregory A. Johnson, “Local Exchange and Early State Development in Southwestern Iran” (see previous reference).

456   Gregory A. Johnson, “The Changing Organization of Uruk Administration on the Susiana Plain”; Pinhas P. Delougaz and Helene J. Kantor, “Chogha Mish, vol. 1: The First Five Seasons of Excavations, 1961–71” (see previous reference).

457   T. Cuyler Young Jr., “Excavations at Godin Tepe,”
Occasional Papers, Art and Archaeology,
no. 17 (Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, 1969); T. Cuyler Young Jr. and Louis D. Levine, “Excavations of the Godin Tepe Project: Second Progress Report,”
Occasional Papers, Art and Archaeology,
no. 26 (Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, 1974).

457   One of the best overviews of the archaeological sequence leading to the early Mesopotamian state is Marcella Frangipane,
La Nascita dello Stato nel Vicino Oriente
(Editori Laterza, Rome, 1996). It is unfortunate that this book has not been translated into English.

457   Robert McC. Adams,
Land Behind Baghdad: A History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains
(University of Chicago Press, 1965), and
Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates
(University of Chicago Press, 1981); Robert McC. Adams and Hans J. Nissen,
The Uruk Countryside: The Natural Setting of Urban Societies
(University of Chicago Press, 1972).

458   Gregory A. Johnson, “Locational Analysis and the Investigation of Uruk Local Exchange Systems,” in Jeremy A. Sabloff and C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, eds.,
Ancient Civilization and Trade
(University of New Mexico Press, 1975), 285–339; “Spatial Organization of Early Uruk Settlement Systems,”
Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
580 (1980): 233–263 (Editions C.N.R.S., Paris).

459   Robert McC. Adams and Hans J. Nissen,
The Uruk Countryside
(see previous reference); Hans J. Nissen, “The City Wall of Uruk,” in Peter J. Ucko, Ruth Tringham, and Geoffrey W. Dimbleby, eds.,
Man, Settlement and Urbanism
(Gerald Duckworth & Co., London, 1972), 793–798.

460   Hans J. Nissen, in
An Early History of the Ancient Near East
(University of Chicago Press, 1988), provides an overview of past work at Uruk. An earlier, still useful overview was that of Ann Louise Perkins, “The Comparative Archaeology of Early Mesopotamia,”
Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization
25 (Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, 1949). Most of the original descriptions of Uruk’s public buildings were published in German in Berlin, often by the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

463   A list of recognizable nouns in Late Uruk/Jemdet Nasr writing was assembled by Robert McC. Adams in “Level and Trend in Early Sumerian Civilization” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1956), and in
The Evolution of Urban Society
(Aldine Press, Chicago, 1966).

464   Benno Landsberger, “Three Essays on the Sumerians,”
Sources and Monographs: Monographs on the Ancient Near East,
vol. 1, fascicle 2 (Undena, Los Angeles, 1974).

465   Marcella Frangipane, “Centralization Processes in Greater Mesopotamia: Uruk ‘Expansion’ as the Climax of Systemic Interactions among Areas of the Greater Mesopotamian Region,” in Mitchell S. Rothman, ed.,
Uruk Mesopotamia & Its Neighbors
(School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, N. Mex., 2001), 307–347.

466   Arthur Tobler, in
Excavations at Tepe Gawra,
vol. 2 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950), and Ann Louise Perkins, in “The Comparative Archaeology of Early Mesopotamia,” discuss the original excavations at Tepe Gawra. Mitchell S. Rothman, in “Tepe Gawra: The Evolution of a Small, Prehistoric Center in Northern Iraq,”
University Museum Monographs 112
(Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, 2002), has completely reanalyzed Levels XII–VIII of Gawra. Rothman’s book includes a reanalysis of Gawra’s burials by Brian Peasnall.

467   Marcella Frangipane, “Centralization Processes in Greater Mesopotamia” (see previous reference). Also see Marcella Frangipane, “Arslantepe-Malatya: External Factors and Local Components in the Development of an Early State Society,” in Linda Manzanilla, ed.,
Emergence and Change in Early Urban Societies
(Plenum Press, New York, 1997), 43–58.

468   Eva Strommenger,
Habuba Kabira: Eine Stadt vor 5000 Jahren
(Phillip von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein, Germany, 1980); G. van Driel and Carol van Driel-Murray, “Jebel Aruda, 1977–78,”
Akkadica
12 (1979): 2–8; “Jebel Aruda, the 1982 Season of Excavations,”
Akkadica
33 (1983): 1–26. Both Habuba Kabira and Jebel Aruda are put in perspective by Joan Oates in “Trade and Power in the Fifth and Fourth Millennia
B.C.
: New Evidence from Northern Mesopotamia,”
World Archaeology
24 (1993): 403–422, and by Guillermo Algaze,
The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization
(University of Chicago Press, 1993). Also see Guillermo Algaze,
Ancient Mesopotamia at the Dawn of Civilization
(University of Chicago Press, 2008). Gregory A. Johnson, in “Late Uruk in Greater Mesopotamia: Expansion or Collapse?”
Origini
14 (1988–1989): 595–613, raises the possibility that some Uruk factions left Southern Mesopotamia as the result of political conflict.

469   Gil J. Stein, “Indigenous Social Complexity at Hacinebi (Turkey) and the Organization of Uruk Colonial Contact,” in Mitchell S. Rothman,
Uruk Mesopotamia & Its Neighbors
(see previous reference)
,
265–305. Also see Gil J. Stein,
Rethinking World Systems: Diasporas, Colonies, and Interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia
(University of Arizona Press, 1999).

470   Max E. L. Mallowan, “Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar: 3rd campaign,”
Iraq
9 (1947): 1–259; Joan Oates, “Tell Brak: The 4th Millennium Sequence and Its Implications,” in J. Nicholas Postgate, ed.,
Artefacts of Complexity: Tracking the Uruk in the Near East
(British School of Archaeology in Iraq, London, 2002), 111–122; Geoffrey Emberling and Helen McDonald, “Excavations at Tell Brak 2001–2002: Preliminary Report,”
Iraq
65 (2003): 1–75.

471   McGuire Gibson and Muhammad Maktash, “Tell Hamoukar: Early City in Northeastern Syria,”
Antiquity
74 (2000): 477–478.

472   Guillermo Algaze,
Ancient Mesopotamia at the Dawn of Civilization
(see previous reference).

472   Robert McC. Adams, “Agriculture and Urban Life in Early Southwestern Iran” (see previous reference).

CHAPTER 22: GRAFT AND IMPERIALISM

475   Igor M. Diakonoff, “Structure of Society and State in Early Dynastic Sumer,”
Sources and Monographs: Monographs of the Ancient Near East,
vol. 1, fascicle 3 (Undena Press, Los Angeles, 1974).

476   Sandra L. Olsen, “Early Horse Domestication on the Eurasian Steppe,” in Melinda A. Zeder, Daniel G. Bradley, Eve Emschwiller, and Bruce D. Smith, eds.,
Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms
(University of California Press, 2006), 245–269. Caroline Grigson, in “The Earliest Domestic Horses in the Levant? New Finds from the Fourth Millennium of the Negev,”
Journal of Archaeological Science
20 (1993): 645–655, sees little evidence for the domestic horse in Mesopotamia before 2500
B.C.
, centuries after donkeys had arrived.

477   A classic description of the Mesopotamian cosmos is found in Thorkild Jacobsen, “Mesopotamia,” in Henri Frankfort et al., eds.,
The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man
(Phoenix Books, University of Chicago Press, 1977), 125–219.

478   Samuel Noah Kramer, in
The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character
(University of Chicago Press, 1963), gives one version of Gudea’s dream and the rebuilding of Eninnu. For an account of temple personnel, also see Adam Falkenstein, “The Sumerian Temple City,”
Monographs in History: Ancient Near East,
vol. 1, fascicle 1 (Undena Press, Los Angeles, 1974).

479   Robert McC. Adams, in
The Evolution of Urban Society
(University of Chicago Press, 1966), and Samuel Noah Kramer, in
The Sumerians,
discuss Sumerian kinship and marriage.

480   For a discussion of Sumerian land and social groups, see both Igor M. Diakonoff, “Structure of Society and State in Early Dynastic Sumer” (see previous reference) and A. I. Tyumenev, “The Working Personnel of the Estate of the Temple of Ba-U in Lagaš during the Period of Lugalanda and Urukagina,” in
Ancient Mesopotamia: Socio-economic History
(Nauka, Moscow, 1969), 88–126.

481   Benno Landsberger, “Three Essays on the Sumerians,”
Sources and Monographs: Monographs of the Ancient Near East,
vol. 1, fascicle 2 (Undena Press, Los Angeles, 1974).

482   Pinhas P. Delougaz, “The Temple Oval at Khafajah,”
Publication
53 (Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, 1940).

484   Igor M. Diakonoff, “Structure of Society and State in Early Dynastic Sumer” (see previous reference).