Authors: Yuri Pines

Tags: #General, #History, #Ancient, #Political Science, #Asia, #History & Theory, #China

The Everlasting Empire (67 page)

BOOK: The Everlasting Empire

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minorities, 6, 11, 24, 41.
See also
ethnic groups, non-Chinese

mobility, social, 2, 79, 113, 142–143

modernization, 8–9, 132, 163, 165, 168, 170–172, 176–178, 180, 182; and “multiple modernities,” 132.
See also
progress

monarch, 20, 90, 102, 198n62; authority of, 56–57, 126–127; criticized, 5, 97–99; “deactivated,” 66–68, 70–71; ineptitude of, feared, 64; and intellectuals, 83–84, 94–95, 97; power of, 45–46, 50, 62–66; as sage,
55–56
, 72–73, 85, 192n26; in Shang, 46; singularity of, 11, 30, 42, 44, 58, 74; universality of, 27, 158; in Zhou, 46–47, 187n4.
See also
emperor; khan; kings; monarchism; “Son of Heaven”; True Monarch

monarchism: as ideology, 3–5, 44, 46–50, 52, 72, 100–101, 135–136, 139–140, 191n1; modern fate of, 168–170, 182, 191n4; as political system, 2–3, 48–49, 52–53,
55–56
, 75

Mongolian People’s Republic, 205n5

Mongols, 24–25, 36, 38, 40–41, 70, 117, 157, 191n77, 195nn59–62.
See also
Great Mongol State; Yuan dynasty

monopolies, on salt and iron, 16, 109110

Montesquieu (1689–1755), 45, 185n4, 191n4

moral transformation (
jiaohua
), 121

Mozi (

, ca. 460–390 BCE), 17, 48, 141, 143

multistate system: in the Springs-and-Autumns period, 12–14; after Tang, 28; unsustainability of, 15, 28, 32; in the Warring States period, 14–15; under Xiang Yu, 23

mythology, political, 12, 17–18, 50

Nanjing, 158

Naquin, Susan, 151, 203–4n32, 204n43

nation-state, 16, 165, 176–177, 182

Neo-Confucianism, 93, 115, 118, 124, 126.
See also
“The Learning of the True Way”; Zhu Xi

“New Culture Movement” (1915-), 171172, 185n4

“Nine Provinces” (
jiu zhou

), 32, 189n48

Ning Xi (

, d. 546 BCE), 47

nobility, 137.
See also
aristocracy;
shi

nobles, 47, 78, 106, 126, 137, 142.
See also
aristocracy

nomads, 4, 23, 33–36, 62–63, 189n48, 189n51, 189n55; political culture of, 37–38, 41, 69–70, 190n67, 195n62; as rulers of China, 37–41, 67, 69–70, 74, 111, 161, 194–195n59, 195n62

“Northern and Southern dynasties” period (318–589), 37

Northern Expedition (1926–1928), 167, 205n9

Northern Qi dynasty (

, 550–577), 74

Northern Song dynasty (

, 960–1127), 40, 74, 76, 87, 101, 114–115, 118, 132, 191n74.
See also
Song dynasty

Northern Wei dynasty (

, 386–534), 38, 42, 62–63, 194n46.
See also
Tuoba

Opium Wars (1839–1860), 162

Ordos area, 34

orthodoxy, 16, 49, 80, 89, 91, 93, 127, 135, 146–147, 200n42, 202n2

Ottoman Empire, 2

Ouyang Xiu (

, 1007–1072), 40

overpopulation, 149, 162, 204n40

“partial peace” (
pian’an

), 30, 42

patriarch, authority of, 126–128.
See also
“Three Bonds”

“patriotic education” (
aiguozhuyi jiaoyu

), 180

patriotism, 8, 171–172

“peace of relatives” (
he qin

), 34

people, 12, 87, 123; and Heaven, 137, 139; as kingmakers, 136–137; moral transformation of, 121; as object of intellectuals’ concern, 76–77, 80, 92, 97, 137138, 172; politicized by the Communists, 178; rebellions by, 134–135, 140, 148, 151, 155, 160; and rulers, 53, 57; sentiments of, 137–139, 203n11; as the source of sovereignty, 177; and unity, 18–21, 42–43.
See also
capital-dwellers; commoners; masses; people-oriented thought

“the people as the route” (
min ben