The Everlasting Empire (68 page)

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Authors: Yuri Pines

Tags: #General, #History, #Ancient, #Political Science, #Asia, #History & Theory, #China

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-240-

People’s Republic of China, 116, 159, 165, 173

Perry, Elizabeth, 150, 185n3

“petty men,” 79, 83, 94, 120, 139, 141, 177, 182

“plain-clothed” (
bu yi

),
shi
self-designation, 79

political culture, Chinese, 1–2, 7, 102, 107, 141, 158, 185n4, 186n8, 191n1; bifurcation between spiritual and political authority, absent, 101; and commoners, 136, 140; congruence between the family and the state, 126; dynamism and complexity of, 4–6; and local elites, 115; modern transformation of, 9, 164–165, 181–182; and monarchism, 44, 48, 50, 136, 139, 168; and nomads, 34, 37–38,
69
, 195n59, 195n61; and rebellions, 135, 157; and social mobility, 142; and unity, 11–12, 41

political thought, Chinese, 1, 49, 51, 82, 107, 114, 117, 136, 138–140, 144

pope, 45, 58

portraits: of the emperors, 193n24

prefectures, 22–24, 26, 29, 92, 188n38

prime minister, 26,
65
, 68, 168, 194n51.
See also
chancellor

printing industry, 91, 93, 114, 197n39

“private learning,” 85–87, 94

progress, 8–9, 13, 163, 180.
See also
modernization

protest, 21, 172; by commoners, 135; culture of, 139, 150, 207n31; by intellectuals, 64,
95–96;
modern, 174, 180, 207n31

provincial assemblies (1909–1914), 166, 176

public opinion, 98, 111, 138–139, 203n11

Qi (

), regional state (extinguished in 221 BCE), 21, 84

Qianlong Emperor (

, r. 1736–1795), 37, 71–72, 125, 190n65, 195n62

Qin, regional state (

, ca. 800–221 BCE), 2, 15, 19, 106–107, 187n12, 188n24

Qin dynasty (

, 221–207 BCE), 3, 53, 132, 158, 188n26, 188n29, 189n54; centralization under, 22–23, 26, 107108, 198–99n5, 199n6; collapse of, 2223,
55
, 94, 192n26; and intellectuals, 85–86, 88–89, 94; as political model, 23,
55–56
, 108–109, 110, 112, 116, 192n27; rebellion against, 134, 142143, 149; and territorial expansion, 3235; unification under, 19–22, 36.
See also
Chen She; First Emperor of Qin; Li Si

Qing dynasty (

, 1644–1911), 3, 150151, 160, 162, 165, 168, 171, 176, 182, 201n63, 202n65; decline of, 74, 132, 162–164, 166; emperors of, 70–72, 195n64; and intellectuals, 89; and local elites, 125, 129–130, 133; provinces established by, 24–25; territorial expansion under, 36–37, 190n65.
See also
Kangxi Emperor; Qianlong Emperor; Taiping rebellion; Yongzheng Emperor

qurlitai
, 70, 195n61

rebellions, 1–2, 4, 25, 45,
59, 67
, 203n26, 204n43; and bandits, 145–146, 148; class nature of, 135, 142–144, 159, 202n3; classification of, 135, 159–160; and Communists, 168, 178; dynamics of, 149–159; economic factors behind, 149–152, 160–161; and egalitarian impulses, 141–145, 203n17; and elites, 148, 157–159, 201n61, 205n60; against Han, 24, 110, 160; legitimacy of, 50, 134, 139–140; and literati, 102; analyzed by Mao Zedong, 154–155; and mass protest, 135, 139, 150; against Ming, 151, 157, 160; directed against oppression, 149, 151; political factors behind, 149–152; against Qin, 22–23, 134, 149, 158, 160, 188n24; against Qing, 134, 151, 160, 204n36; recreation of political order by, 134, 156159, 160–161; religious factors behind, 146–148, 153, 203–4n32; against Song, 31, 155; against Sui, 149; against Tang, 26–28, 112, 153–154; and violence, 145, 152–156, 204nn48–49; against Wang Mang, 110; against Yuan, 157, 160; of Zhou against the Shang, 12.
See also
An Lushan; Chen She; Huang Chao; Taiping rebellion; Yellow Turbans; Zhang Xianzhong; Zhu Yuanzhang

reclusion, 51,
95–96
, 198nn52–53.
See also
disengagement, political

Records of Rites
(
Liji

), 143

-241-

recruitment of officials, 170, 199n18.
See also
examinations; “local rank” system

regional lords (
zhuhou

), 12–13, 17, 20–22, 47, 80, 82, 187n4

Rehe (modern Chengde), 71

religion, 2–3, 8, 11, 16, 97, 105, 127, 193n33; control over, 60–61, 193n39; and martyrdom, 99–100; and the monarch, 47, 58; and rebellions, 135, 146147, 152–153; and recluses,
95. See also
Buddhism; civic religion; Daoism; “millenarian rebels”; sects

remonstrance, 60, 64, 97–98, 102, 198n61

Republic of China (1912–1949), 2, 132, 165–170, 172, 176–177, 182.
See also
Taiwan

Republican Revolution (1911), 2, 133, 163 riots, 149–152

ritual, 97, 121, 127, 203n11; and sociopolitical hierarchy, 27–29, 35, 94, 142143; and the ruler’s power, 13, 18–19, 44–4
7
, 50, 52–53,
56–59
, 64–65, 67, 68, 73, 129, 191n2, 194n57; ritual specialists, 48, 64; Zhou rituals, 14–15

“rival state” (
di guo