The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis (70 page)

academic world of, 41–42, 50, 106

anti-Semitism in, 16, 38, 53, 56, 72–77, 83, 127–31, 283

Communist Party of, 74

de-Stalinization of, 294

government-in-exile, in London, 162

independence of, 26, 32, 38, 42, 46

intelligentsia of, 106–7, 131, 283

interwar period of, 46–47, 53–54, 72–77, 83

invasion of, 109–10

National Academy of, 287, 289

nationalists of, 46, 72–73, 74–77, 83

Nazi period in, 3, 60, 105–9, 112, 117–23, 125–78

partition of, 46, 50

population postwar of, 283–84

postwar life in, 274–79, 283–84

postwar science in, 288

prime minister of, 147–48

public health in, 41–42, 61, 94

secret police of, 287, 296

Soviet period in, 110–17

typhus in, 38–42, 90–91, 95

Polish National Institute of Hygiene (PZH), 41–42, 62, 64–65, 66, 121, 140, 171, 278, 288, 294

Polish notation, 50

Polish soldiers, 109–10, 114, 125

Polish-Soviet War, 33, 38, 253

political prisoners:

of Germany, 99, 100, 197, 219

as key workers, 197–98, 217

political significance, of syphilis, 88

Poller, Walter, 102–5

postwar genetics community, 47

poverty, 90–91

POW camps, 181–82

medical experimentation in, 185, 269–70

starvation in, 182

typhus in, 194, 270

POWs:

of Austria, 23, 28

of Britain, 248

of France, 194–95

of Russia, 2–3, 14–15, 23, 26, 28, 38–39, 139–40, 144, 181–82, 194

of Turkey, 23

Pozna
, 278

Preminger, Otto, 280

President Warfield
, 280

preventive medicine, of Nazis, 193

“Principles and Rules of Experimentation on Human Subjects” (Ivy), 267

prison factories, 249

“Problems of the Science of Science” (Fleck), 241–45

Promise Hitler Kept, The
(Folkmann), 170

propaganda:

of Nazis, 101

of Soviets, 182

property, confiscation of, 106, 137–38, 277

protein broth, 228

Proteus OX-19
, 30–31

proto-ideas, in medicine, 91, 92

Prowazek, Stanislaus von, 28–29

Prussian army, 25

Prussian virtues, 200

Przemy
l, 15, 110

lab in, 15,
19
, 36, 41, 170

Przybyłkiewicz, Zdzisław, 107, 166, 288

Weigl and, 276–77, 279, 290

public health:

in Germany, 88–89, 93–94, 101

in Poland, 64–67, 92, 114, 119–20, 140–42, 154

Public Health Laboratory, U.S., 94–95

PZH (Polish National Institute of Hygiene), 41–42, 62, 64–65, 66, 121, 140, 171, 278, 288, 294

Quarantine
, 119–20

quarantines, 90, 95, 100, 140, 141, 185, 202

quintana
, 27, 160, 161–61

rabbits:

at Buchenwald, 234, 237

as food, 221, 227, 247–48, 251, 259

typhus research with, 188, 193–94, 237

vaccine from lungs of, 194, 204, 233, 237, 239–40, 244–47, 270, 281

rabbit soup, 237

rabies vaccine, 171

Rabka, 189

race hygiene, 89–90, 103, 108, 120, 174, 180

racial science, of Nazis, 89–91, 93, 118–19, 134, 142, 192

Radio Lwów, 49

Radło, Piotr, 66, 70

Rajchman, Ludwik, 41, 64–65, 92

Rajsko, 220–29

agricultural research station at, 220–21

animal autopsies at, 227

daily inspection at, 226–27

evacuation of, 256–57

sheep at, 226

vegetable gardens at, 220–21, 226

Rapacka, Helena, 119–20

rash, of typhus, 21, 36

Rats, Lice and History
(Zinsser), 14

Ravensbruck, 279

Red Army, 32, 33, 49, 110,
111
, 149, 180–83, 257

R. Fleck in, 279

Red Cross:

of France, 249

of Germany, 34

International branches of, 38

of Poland, 66–67

of U.S., 38–39

Redner, Alex, 130

Redner, Marek, 130, 155

Reds (leftists), in concentration camps, 197–200, 208, 232, 297

red spots, 21, 36

Reed, John, 23–24

reflexes, 21

refugees, 24, 32, 34–35, 38–39, 109, 110, 112, 126, 138, 301

post–World War II, 280

Reich, enemies of the, 99

Reichert, 71

Reich Main Security Office, 236

Reich Ministry, in Berlin, 118

Reich territory, 118

Reisowa, Karolina, 53

religious dissenters, 100

Remarque, Erich Maria, 26

resistance:

against Soviets, 116–17, 125

respiratory illnesses, 90

Reutt, Jan, 77

Ricketts, Howard, 29

Rickettsia
, 11, 96–97, 98, 145–47, 165, 193, 281, 300

R. mooseri
, 94

R. prowazekii
, 17–18, 21, 29, 31, 36–37, 55–56, 64, 146, 161, 231, 239, 247, 300–301

complexities of, 239–40, 242–44, 246

genetic analysis of, 21

groupthink and, 243–45, 248

R. quintana
, 27, 160–61

R. rochalima
, 161

Riga, 192

ritual against typhus, 123

ritual baths, 39

Robert Koch Institute (Berlin) , 63, 88, 94, 188–89, 202, 208, 268

Rocha Lima, Henrique da, 28–29, 63

Rockefeller Institute, 94, 238, 272

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 20

Rodenwaldt, Ernst, 25

Rokita, Richard, 137

Romania, 109, 114, 193

typhus expert from, 244

Rome, 98

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 163, 265

Rose, Gerhard, 188–89, 207, 268–69, 271

Roux, Émile, 24

Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 27

rubber, artificial source of, 221–22

Ruff, Stanisław, 132

Ruiz Castañeda, Maximiliano, 94, 193

Ruppert, Joseph, 120

Russia:

czarist armies of, 25–26

Napoleonic invasion of, 24

post–World War I, 14

World War I typhus in, 20

Russian revolution, 31–32, 60

typhus epidemic in, 31–35

Russla, 186–87

Russlandmüde
, 184

Rutten, Josef, 65–66

sabotage, 23, 162, 165

debates about, 230–31

of
kok-saghyz
project, 222

of vaccine, 163–64, 177, 239, 245–47, 250

Sachs, Hans, 93

Sachsenhausen, 106

sadism, 137, 220, 235

Saint, Eva Marie, 280

Saint Brigid’s prison, 126–29, 131

St. Petersburg, 35, 60

Salomon, Ernst von, 199

Samsa, Gregor (char.), 91

Samuel, Maximilian, 216

Saxony-Anhalt, 80

Schauder, Juliusz, 53

Schemm, Hans, 93

Schenk, Peter, 209

Scheut missionaries, 65

Schicksal des A.D., Das
(Salomon), 199

Schiller, Friedrich, 198

Schilling, Claus, 25

Schlick, Moritz, 76

Schlumberger, 280

Schneider, Paul, 104

Schnelle, Thomas, 58

Scholz, Dr., 190–91

Schöngarth, Eberhard, 131, 132

Schramm, Franek, 77, 127

Schuler, Erwin,
see
Ding, Erwin

Schuler, Karl von, 80–82

genealogy of, 82

Schumann, Horst, 216

Schwanenberg, Dr., 158, 167–68

science:

acculturation in, 59, 86–88, 242

communicative necessity of, 86–87, 242, 245, 288, 302

as complex phenomenon, 242, 245

democratic aspect of, 59, 85–86, 302

metaphors in, 87–88, 302

reductionism in, 4

relativism in, 84, 245

socio-cultural influence on, 58–59

of terrain-related medicine, 89

truths of, 59–60, 76, 84, 245

Science
, 288

scopolamine, 185

Scottish Book, 113, 149

Scottish Café (Szkocka), 50, 51–53,
52
, 113, 132

scratching, 21, 69

scrub typhus, 20–21

secondary infections, 239

secrecy, 201

Seeman, Anna, 139, 177–78, 212–13, 216, 256–57, 280

Seeman, Bronisław (Bruno), 139, 177–78, 212–13, 224, 226, 256–57, 280

Seeman, Jakob, 139, 177–78, 212–13, 280

segregation, 96

Seigneur, Marcel, 255

self-delusion, 243–44

Serbia, typhus epidemic in, 28–32, 62

Sergent, Edmond, 114

serology, 4, 54, 93

serology lab, 215, 224–25, 237

Sète, 280

sexual assault, 209

sheep’s blood, in disease research, 225–26, 240

Shin Beth, 296

shtetls, 92

Siberia, 23, 110, 112, 116, 117, 294

Sicherheitsdienst
(Secret Service), 79–80

Sikora, Hilda, 63–64, 242

Silesia, 283

Simplicius (char.), 241–42

Skole, 66

Skrowaczewski, Stanisław, 136, 149

skull measurements, 93

slave labor, 99, 102, 126, 154, 187, 204, 253, 279

slave scientists, 7–8, 10–11, 104, 208, 212, 215–29

blood of, 227

cleaning rituals of, 237–38

Rajsko conditions for, 221–22

Slavs, Nazi view of, 192

Slawsko, 66

Smadel, Joseph, 273

smallpox, 25, 91

Smolensk, 162

Snieszko, Stanislaus Francis, 106

Sobibor, 99, 218

social constructivists, 296

social medicine, 89

sociology of scientific knowledge, 58

sodium evipam, 199

SOE,
see
Special Operations Executive

Sokolowski, Jerzy, 162

Soviet Academy of Medicine, 114

Soviet-Nazi demarcation line, 284

Soviet Ukraine, postwar in, 279, 282–84

Soviet Union, 76, 86, 95, 112

collaborators and, 278

Nazi invasion of, 124, 179–81

passports of, 116

POWs from, 181, 183, 185, 194

scientists of, 221

spy for, 296–97

tensions with, 265

typhus in, 180, 277

Sparrow, Hélene, 62,
63
, 193

spastic movements, 21–22

Special Operations Executive (SOE), British, 249, 264, 282

Buchenwald rescue plot of, 253–56

spotted fever, 20, 24

squirrel-to-person transmission, 300–301

Stalag IV-B, 194

Stalin, Joseph, 109–10, 111, 125, 265, 279, 284

Stalingrad, 179–80,
179

Stalinism, 86, 115

staph infections, 161

Staraya Russa, 183–84

starvation, 100–101, 121, 131, 138–40, 156, 182, 197, 200, 257, 259–60

Starzyk, Jan, 61, 165, 276

State Institute of Serotherapy (Vienna), 55

statistics, in medical thinking, 57

Steinhaus, Hugo, 50–51, 54, 285

sterilization experiments, 215–16, 266

Stiffel, Frank, 74, 112–13, 122, 225–26

Stockholm, 97

stool tests, 224

Stozek, Włodzimierz, 50, 132, 147–48

Strasbourg, University of, 188

Streicher, Julius, 90–91

Streptococcus pyogenes
, 17, 226–27

Strong, Richard, 25

strophanthin, 104, 185, 205

Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The
(Kuhn), 3

Stryj, 15, 54

Stryj Park, 47–49, 71

Stubendienst
, 102

Stuchly, Zbigniew, 61, 133, 165, 170–71, 231, 294

Sturmabteilung
, 81

Stürmer, Der
, 90–91

stylet, 21

subsultus tendinum
, 22

Sucharda, Edward, 116–17

suicides, 22–23, 205–6

by Nazis, 264

supply lines, 180, 218

surrealism, 60

swollen testicles, 22

Sympatius (char.), 241–42, 245

symptoms of typhus, 21–22, 36–37, 155, 184, 185, 205–6

syphilis, 88, 200, 224, 225, 227

Szczepko (Kazimierz Wajda), 49

Szeptycki, Andrzej Graf, Archbishop of Lwów, 128

Szpilman, Henryk, 121–23

Szybalski, Stanisław, 153, 159–61

Szybalski, Stefan, 115–16, 152–53

Szybalski, Wacław, 47, 73, 77, 115–17, 127, 137, 139, 162–63, 231, 284

Weigl lab description of, 147–52, 303

T-4, 138

Tannenberg, Battle of, 25–26