The Great Arab Conquests (73 page)
Read The Great Arab Conquests Online
Authors: Hugh Kennedy
13
Ibid., pp. 47-9.
Ibid., pp. 47-9.
14
Ibid., p. 52.
Ibid., p. 52.
15
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1206.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1206.
16
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1207, but cf. p. 1218, where it is only a few brigands.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1207, but cf. p. 1218, where it is only a few brigands.
17
E. Knobloch,
The Archaeology and Architecture of Afghanistan
(Stroud, 2002), p. 162 and Plates 7 and 17.
E. Knobloch,
The Archaeology and Architecture of Afghanistan
(Stroud, 2002), p. 162 and Plates 7 and 17.
18
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1221.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1221.
19
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1226.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1226.
20
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1230.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1230.
21
Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, p.42.
Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, p.42.
22
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1229-30.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1229-30.
23
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1235.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1235.
24
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1240-41.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1240-41.
25
F. Grenet and C. Rapin, ‘De la Samarkand antique à la Samarkand islamique: continuities et ruptures’, in
Colloque international d’archéologie islamique
, ed. R.-P. Gayraud (Cairo, 1998), pp. 436-60.
F. Grenet and C. Rapin, ‘De la Samarkand antique à la Samarkand islamique: continuities et ruptures’, in
Colloque international d’archéologie islamique
, ed. R.-P. Gayraud (Cairo, 1998), pp. 436-60.
26
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1245. See trans. n. 635 for different figures given in Bal
c
amī and Ibn A
c
tham.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1245. See trans. n. 635 for different figures given in Bal
c
amī and Ibn A
c
tham.
27
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1252.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1252.
28
Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, p. 45.
Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, p. 45.
29
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1256-7.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1256-7.
30
Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, pp. 52-3.
Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, pp. 52-3.
31
Ya‘qūbī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 346.
Ya‘qūbī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 346.
32
Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, p. 50.
Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, p. 50.
33
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1277-8.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1277-8.
34
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1286. The word used for pass is
jawz
, the modern Arabic word for passport.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1286. The word used for pass is
jawz
, the modern Arabic word for passport.
35
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1287.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1287.
36
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1288.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1288.
37
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1291.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1291.
38
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1291.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1291.
39
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1290.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1290.
40
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1294-5.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1294-5.
41
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1300.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1300.
42
Al-Asamm b. al-Hajjāj; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1304. The translation is based on that of D. S. Powers in trans. xxiv 28, slightly amended.
Al-Asamm b. al-Hajjāj; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1304. The translation is based on that of D. S. Powers in trans. xxiv 28, slightly amended.
43
On the Turks in the warfare of this period, see E. Esin, ‘Tabarī’s report on the warfare with the Tūrgis and the testimony of eighth-century Central Asian art’,
Central Asiatic Journal
17 (1973): 130-34.
On the Turks in the warfare of this period, see E. Esin, ‘Tabarī’s report on the warfare with the Tūrgis and the testimony of eighth-century Central Asian art’,
Central Asiatic Journal
17 (1973): 130-34.
44
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1431; see also the poem in Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1432.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1431; see also the poem in Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1432.
45
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1421-8.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1421-8.
46
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1430.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1430.
47
On the documents, see F. Grenet and E. de la Vaissiere, ‘The last days of Penjikent’,
Silk Road Art and Archaeology
8 (2002): 155-96; I. Yakubovich, ‘Mughl I revisited’,
Studia Iranica
31 (2002): 213-53.
On the documents, see F. Grenet and E. de la Vaissiere, ‘The last days of Penjikent’,
Silk Road Art and Archaeology
8 (2002): 155-96; I. Yakubovich, ‘Mughl I revisited’,
Studia Iranica
31 (2002): 213-53.
48
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1446-8, in which Dīwashtīch is called Dawāshīni.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1446-8, in which Dīwashtīch is called Dawāshīni.
49
De la Vaissiere,
Sogdian Traders
, p. 272.
De la Vaissiere,
Sogdian Traders
, p. 272.
50
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1518.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1518.
51
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1521.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1521.
52
Sibā
c
b. al-Nu
c
mān al-Azdi; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1524-5.
Sibā
c
b. al-Nu
c
mān al-Azdi; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1524-5.
53
Al-Junayd b.
c
Abd al-Rahmān al-Murrī; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1527.
Al-Junayd b.
c
Abd al-Rahmān al-Murrī; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1527.
54
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1638.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1638.
55
Yazīd b. al-Mufaddal al-Huddānī; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1537.
Yazīd b. al-Mufaddal al-Huddānī; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1537.
56
Muhammad b.
c
Abd Allah b. Hawdhān; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1537.
Muhammad b.
c
Abd Allah b. Hawdhān; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1537.
57
Al-Nadr b. Rāshid al-
c
Abdī; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1537-8.
Al-Nadr b. Rāshid al-
c
Abdī; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1537-8.
58
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1538.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1538.
59
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1539.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1539.
60
Al-Mujashshir b. Muzāhim al-Sulami; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1543.
Al-Mujashshir b. Muzāhim al-Sulami; Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1543.
61
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1546, 1557-8.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1546, 1557-8.
62
For the mainly negative evidence for this state of affairs, see Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, p. 79.
For the mainly negative evidence for this state of affairs, see Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, p. 79.
63
Ibid., p. 89.
Ibid., p. 89.
64
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1688-9.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1688-9.
65
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1717-8.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, pp. 1717-8.
66
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1697, slightly abbreviated.
Tabarī,
Ta’rīkh
, II, p. 1697, slightly abbreviated.
67
Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, p. 92.
Gibb,
Arab Conquests
, p. 92.
68
Ibid., pp. 95-6.
Ibid., pp. 95-6.
9. FURTHEST EAST AND FURTHEST WEST
1
The best modern account of the events of the Arab conquest of Sind remains F. Gabrieli, ‘Muhammad ibn Qāsim ath-Thaqafī and the Arab conquest of Sind’,
East and West
15 (1964-5): 281-95; a broader view is provided by A. Wink,
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
, vol. 1:
Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries
(Leiden, 1990).
The best modern account of the events of the Arab conquest of Sind remains F. Gabrieli, ‘Muhammad ibn Qāsim ath-Thaqafī and the Arab conquest of Sind’,
East and West
15 (1964-5): 281-95; a broader view is provided by A. Wink,
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
, vol. 1:
Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries
(Leiden, 1990).
2
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, pp. 431-41.
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, pp. 431-41.
3
Alī b. Hāmid al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah: An Ancient History of Sind
, trans. M. K. Fredunbeg (Lahore, 1995).
Alī b. Hāmid al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah: An Ancient History of Sind
, trans. M. K. Fredunbeg (Lahore, 1995).
4
On this work, see Wink,
Al-Hind
, pp. 194-6.
On this work, see Wink,
Al-Hind
, pp. 194-6.
5
Al-Kūfī,
Chchnmah
, p. 115.
Al-Kūfī,
Chchnmah
, p. 115.
6
Wink,
Al-Hind
, p. 51.
Wink,
Al-Hind
, p. 51.
7
Muqaddasī,
Ahsan al-Taqsim
, p. 474.
Muqaddasī,
Ahsan al-Taqsim
, p. 474.
8
Ibn Hawqal,
Kitb Surat al-Ard
, ed. J. H. Kramers (Leiden, 1939), p. 328.
Ibn Hawqal,
Kitb Surat al-Ard
, ed. J. H. Kramers (Leiden, 1939), p. 328.
9
Wink,
Al-Hind
, p. 153.
Wink,
Al-Hind
, p. 153.
10
Ibid., p. 182.
Ibid., p. 182.
11
M. J. De Goeje,
Mémoire des migrations des Tsiganes à travers l’Asie
(Leiden, 1903), pp. 1-2.
M. J. De Goeje,
Mémoire des migrations des Tsiganes à travers l’Asie
(Leiden, 1903), pp. 1-2.
12
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, p. 436.
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, p. 436.
13
Gabrieli, ‘Muhammad ibn Qāsim’, pp. 281-2.
Gabrieli, ‘Muhammad ibn Qāsim’, pp. 281-2.
14
Balūdhurī,
Futūh
, pp. 426-7. The same story is given, with fictitious additions in
Chchnmah
, pp. 81-4.
Balūdhurī,
Futūh
, pp. 426-7. The same story is given, with fictitious additions in
Chchnmah
, pp. 81-4.
15
Sumaniyayn
, on which see Balādhurī,
Futūh
, glossary s.v.
smn
.
Sumaniyayn
, on which see Balādhurī,
Futūh
, glossary s.v.
smn
.
16
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, pp. 437-8. Al- Kūfī
, Chchnmah
, pp. 91-3, 103-4, also stresses the role of the Samani.
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, pp. 437-8. Al- Kūfī
, Chchnmah
, pp. 91-3, 103-4, also stresses the role of the Samani.
17
Al-Kūfī,
Chchnmah
, pp. 93-5.
Al-Kūfī,
Chchnmah
, pp. 93-5.
18
For the battle see the account in Wink,
Al-Hind
, pp. 204-5, based on details in Balādhurī,
Futūh
, pp. 438-9, and Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, pp. 135-9.
For the battle see the account in Wink,
Al-Hind
, pp. 204-5, based on details in Balādhurī,
Futūh
, pp. 438-9, and Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, pp. 135-9.
19
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, pp. 125-6.
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, pp. 125-6.
20
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, p. 438.
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, p. 438.
21
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, pp. 153-4.
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, pp. 153-4.
22
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, p. 164.
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, p. 164.
23
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, p. 176.
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, p. 176.
24
The
Chāchnāmah
confuses Hindus and Buddhists on many occasions. This is partly because the Persian word
butkhana
is clearly derived from ‘House of Buddha’ but comes to be applied to all temples with ‘idols’ in them. The protestors may well have been Hindus, a position suggested by their apparent association with the Brahmins.
The
Chāchnāmah
confuses Hindus and Buddhists on many occasions. This is partly because the Persian word
butkhana
is clearly derived from ‘House of Buddha’ but comes to be applied to all temples with ‘idols’ in them. The protestors may well have been Hindus, a position suggested by their apparent association with the Brahmins.
25
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, p. 170.
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, p. 170.
26
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, pp. 194-5.
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, pp. 194-5.
27
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, pp. 178-80.
Al-Kūfī,
Chāchnāmah
, pp. 178-80.
28
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, pp. 439-40.
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, pp. 439-40.
29
Gabrieli, ‘Muhammad ibn Qāsim’, p. 293.
Gabrieli, ‘Muhammad ibn Qāsim’, p. 293.
30
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, p. 440; Al-Kūfī
, Chchnmah
, p. 191, has a parallel text in which the figures are 60,000 and 120,000 respectively.
Balādhurī,
Futūh
, p. 440; Al-Kūfī
, Chchnmah
, p. 191, has a parallel text in which the figures are 60,000 and 120,000 respectively.
31
De Goeje,
Mémoire
. For a general survey of the history of the Gypsies, see A. Fraser,
The Gypsies
(2nd edn, Oxford, 1992). See also A. S. Basmee Ansari, ‘Djat’, and C. E. Bosworth, ‘Zutt’, in
Encyclopaedia of Islam
, 2nd edn.
De Goeje,
Mémoire
. For a general survey of the history of the Gypsies, see A. Fraser,
The Gypsies
(2nd edn, Oxford, 1992). See also A. S. Basmee Ansari, ‘Djat’, and C. E. Bosworth, ‘Zutt’, in
Encyclopaedia of Islam
, 2nd edn.
32
The name Gibraltar is derived from Jabal Tāriq or ‘Tāriq’s Mountain’.
The name Gibraltar is derived from Jabal Tāriq or ‘Tāriq’s Mountain’.
33
Ibn Abd al-Hakam,
Futūh
, p. 205, translated in O. R. Constable,
Medieval Iberia: Readings in Christian, Muslim and Jewish Sources
(Philadelphia, PA, 1997), pp. 32-4.
Ibn Abd al-Hakam,
Futūh
, p. 205, translated in O. R. Constable,
Medieval Iberia: Readings in Christian, Muslim and Jewish Sources
(Philadelphia, PA, 1997), pp. 32-4.
34
E. Levi-Provençal,
Histoire de l’Espagne Musulmane
, vol. i:
La Conquête et l’émirat hispano-umaiyade (710-912)
(Paris, 1950), pp. 19-21, prefers the River Barbate.
E. Levi-Provençal,
Histoire de l’Espagne Musulmane
, vol. i:
La Conquête et l’émirat hispano-umaiyade (710-912)
(Paris, 1950), pp. 19-21, prefers the River Barbate.
35
Anon.,
The Chronicle of 754
, in
Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain
, trans. K. B. Wolf (Liverpool, 1990), pp. 28-45, 111-58 at p. 131.
Anon.,
The Chronicle of 754
, in
Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain
, trans. K. B. Wolf (Liverpool, 1990), pp. 28-45, 111-58 at p. 131.
36
The main Arabic account is Ibn Idhārī,
Bayn
, II, pp. 4-9, based largely on the work of Rāzī.
The main Arabic account is Ibn Idhārī,
Bayn
, II, pp. 4-9, based largely on the work of Rāzī.
37
Ibn Idhari,
Bayn
, II, pp. 9-10.
Ibn Idhari,
Bayn
, II, pp. 9-10.
38
Chronicle of 754
, cap. 52, p. 131.
Chronicle of 754
, cap. 52, p. 131.
39
Ibn Abd al-Hakam,
Futūh
, p.
2
06, in Constable,
Medieval Iberia
, p. 34.
Ibn Abd al-Hakam,
Futūh
, p.
2
06, in Constable,
Medieval Iberia
, p. 34.
40
Ibn Abd al-Hakam,
Futūh
, p. 208, in Constable,
Medieval Iberia
, pp. 34-5.
Ibn Abd al-Hakam,
Futūh
, p. 208, in Constable,
Medieval Iberia
, pp. 34-5.
41
Constable,
Medieval Iberia
, pp. 37-8.
Constable,
Medieval Iberia
, pp. 37-8.
42
Ibn Abd al-Hakam,
Futūh
, pp. 211-2.
Ibn Abd al-Hakam,
Futūh
, pp. 211-2.
43
Anon.,
Conquerors and Chroniclers
, pp. 164-8.
Anon.,
Conquerors and Chroniclers
, pp. 164-8.
44
Levi-Provençal,
Histoire
, I, p. 55, based on Ibn Hayyān.
Levi-Provençal,
Histoire
, I, p. 55, based on Ibn Hayyān.
45
Ibid., p. 56, based on Makkarī.
Ibid., p. 56, based on Makkarī.
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