The Jewish Annotated New Testament (180 page)

Torah
(Heb “teaching,” “instruction”) the first division of the
Tanakh
(the
Pentateuch
), and, more broadly, Jewish teaching. See
law
.

Tosefta
(Aram “addition”) a compilation of oral law, of uncertain provenance and date, that follows the arrangement of the Mishnah.

Transfiguration
(Gk
metamorphoō
, “change form”) name for the event recounted in Mk 9.2–8; Mt 17.1–8; Lk 9.28–36, in which Jesus’ appearance is transformed (see Ex 34.29) and where he speaks with Moses and Elijah.

Tribulation
(Gk
thlipsis
, “affliction”) the period of earthly oppression before Jesus returns in glory (Rev 7.14, there translated “ordeal”).

Trinity
Christian doctrine that God, though one in Being, is comprised of three Persons (Father, Son, and Spirit). See
Nicene Creed
.

Twelve, Book of the
the
Tanakh
’s designation for the
Minor Prophets
(Hosea through Malachi).

typology
(Gk
typos
, the raised design on a seal for imprinting in wax) the understanding of persons or events, especially in the NT, by referring them to earlier biblical “types,” such as the exodus (1 Cor 10.1–6); Solomon (Lk 11.31); or narratives like that of Jonah (Lk 11.29–30).

tzedaqah
Heb “righteousness” and, by extension, “alms.”

tzitzit
fringes on the
tallit
or garment (Num 15.37–40) as a reminder of God’s commandments (e.g., Mt 9.20).

U

uncircumcised, the
Gentiles (Rom 4.9; Gal 2.7).

V

Vaticanus
(so called because it is housed in the Vatican library) a
codex
of the Greek Bible (Old and New Testaments) that dates from the fourth century.

vaticinium ex eventu
The term applied to a passage in the Prophets or the Gospels which has the form of a prediction but it is in fact written in the knowledge of the event having occurred (e.g., 2 Pet 3.3–4).

vice list
a list of sins for the faithful to avoid. See Rom 1.29–31; 1 Cor 5.11; 6.9–10; 1 Tim 1.9–10; 2 Tim 3.2–5; Tob 4.12;
Jub
. 7.20.

Vulgate
(Lat “common”) Latin translation of the Bible by
Jerome
, completed 405. In the Middle Ages the Vulgate became the standard translation of the Bible for Western Christians. With the Protestant Reformation, its authority was questioned, but was reaffirmed by the Roman Catholic Church at the
Council of Trent
(1546).

W

Weeks, Feast of Shavuot
or
Pentecost
.

works-righteousness
description of a religion that emphasizes the deeds of the faithful as the way of earning God’s grace.

Writings
see
Ketuvim
.

Y

Yerushalmi
see
Talmud
.

YHWH
the name of God, which conventionally remains unpronounced and is represented by the Hebrew letters
yod-he-vav-he
(the
tetragrammaton
). In standard English translations, YHWH is represented by the word LORD.

yetzer ha-ra/yetzer ha-tov
Heb “inclination to evil/inclination to good.”

Yizkor
(lit. “remembrance”) Philem 4ff. A memorial service recited as part of the prayer service four times during the year.

Yom Kippur
(Heb “
day of atonement
”) solemn fast observed on 10 Tishri (see Lev 23.26–32). The observance focuses on personal and communal repentance.

Z

Zadokites
proponents of re-establishing the priesthood of the Jerusalem Temple as consisting of descendants of Zadok (see 2 Sam 15; 1 Kings 1; 2 Chr 31.10; Neh 11.10–11). The name
Sadducee
may be derived from Zadok.

zealot
an advocate of armed resistance in Roman rule.

Zion
the name of the fortified hill within Jerusalem and thus, by extension, an alternative name for Jerusalem.

Zohar
(“Splendor”) kabbalistic writing of the late thirteenth century, partly the work of Moshe de Leon (d. 1305).

INDEX

A

Abraham, 155, 210

as ancestor of Jesus, 3

faithfulness of, 261–63

faith of, 337

family of, 552

as first Jew, 3

Acts of the Apostles, 197–252

ascension of Jesus, 199–200

authorship of, 96, 197

on Jerusalem council, 523

on Last Supper, 522–23

on life of Paul, 554

miracles and signs in, 536

Peter and, 436

on Pharisees, 527

on Sadducees, 527

adultery, 12, 502

divorce and, 503, 517

woman caught in, 174

afterlife, resurrection and, 312–13, 549–51

Agrippa

Paul and, 246–47

Simon dispute, 525

Agrippa I, 198, 510

Agrippa II, 198, 510–11, 538

Alexander the Great, 508

Hellenism and, 507

Ioudaios
and, 524

alien, believer in Christ as, 439–41

Amidah
prayer, 534

amoraic rabbis, 593

ancient texts, translation of, 601–2

angel, 4;
see also
divine beings

of judgment, 63, 486

Metatron, 465, 544–45

Michael, 460, 531, 545

power of, 13

superiority of Jesus, 407

Angel of the Lord, 544

anger, divine, 502;
see also
wrath

annunciation

by angels, 545

of John the Baptist conception, 98–99

to shepherds, 101–2

Anointed One, 107, 531

anointing, 182

of Jesus, 88

priesthood ordination and, 531

by woman, 48

Antioch, 1, 336

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 380, 507, 531, 550, 572

apocalypse, 87–88, 463, 467;
see also
Revelation to John

Gog and Magog as, 473

literature of, 3, 535

Markan, 87–88

Apocalypse of Abraham
, 544

Apocalypse of Peter
, 551

apostasy, 413, 443, 515

apostle, 112, 222;
see also
disciple

council, appear before 208–9

Paul as, 66

Paul meeting with, 335–36

rights of, 301

Apostolic Decree, 522, 523

Aramaic language, 561–62

Genesis in, 569

Aratus, 234

Aristophanes, 304

Aristotle, 155, 187, 352, 399

armor of God, 353

arrest

of Jesus, 91–92, 145, 146

of Peter, 205–6, 510

ascension, of Jesus, 151, 199–200

Augustine, 196, 253, 291, 559, 561, 563

authority

apostolic, 327

of Jesus, 16, 22, 38–39, 161–63

of Peter, 444–45

question on, 84, 141

source of, in interpretation, 274

subordination to higher, 280–81

authorship

of Acts of the Apostles, 96, 197

of Colossians, Letter of Paul to, 362

of Corinthians, Second Letter of Paul to, 315

of Ephesians, Letter of Paul to, 345

of Hebrews, Letter to, 406

of John, First Letter of, 448

of John, Second Letter of, 456

of Jude, Letter of, 460

of Luke, Gospel According to, 96

of Mark, Gospel According to, 55

of Mathew, Gospel According to, 1

of Paul, letters of, 551–52

of Peter, First Letter of, 436

of Philemon, Letter of Paul to, 402

of Philippians, Letter of Paul to, 354

of Romans, Letter of Paul to, 253

of Thessalonians, First Letter of Paul to, 372

of Thessalonians, Second Letter of Paul to, 378

B

Baal, 29, 66, 359

Babylon

Jewish Diaspora population in, 507

as whore, in Revelation, 489–92

Babylonian exile, 323, 544

Babylonian Talmud, 580–81

Balaam, prophecy of, 5

baptism

with Holy Spirit, 58, 81

of Jesus, 2, 104, 105

of John the Baptist, 57–58

new moral life and, 368

Pharisee rejection of, 110

as purification ritual, 164–65, 532

of repentance, 58

Bar Kochba revolt, 506, 537

Bathsheba, 3

beasts, in Revelation, 483–85

beatitudes, 1, 9–10, 96, 113

Beelzebul

controversy, 125–26

Satan and, 66–67

beheading, of John the Baptist, 27, 71–72, 147

Behemoth, 483

belief, core of, 449–51

believer in Christ

as alien, 439–41

Jewish response to, 577–80

Justin Martyr on, 577

Paul as, 242–43

synagogue expulsion of, 579

unity of, 349–50

unmarried, 299

benediction, 389–90

Benedictus, 100–101

Bethsaida, 76, 160

Bible, translation of, 560–62

biblical codex

Sinaiticus, 153, 559, 563

Vaticanus, 153, 559, 563

biography, in Hebrew Bible, 505

birth

angel announcement of, 545