The Muslim Brotherhood (38 page)

44
  Statement of Jama’at al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen,
Majallat Liwa
, August 1990.

45
  ‘Ali Al-Bayanouni: Negotiation between the Ikhwan and the Authorities’, interview II, Al-Jazeera, 3 December 2005.

46
  Statement of Jama’at al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen,
Majallat Liwa
, 2 August 1990.

47
  Ibid.

48
  Martin Kramer, ‘Islam vs. Democracy, in
Commentary
, January, 1993. Available on
http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/IslamvsDemocracy.htm

49
  Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, May 2005.

50
  Interview with Adnan Saad Eddine, Amman, February 2007.

51
  
Awraq Urdania fi Assoulia wa Siasa
.

52
  Statement of Jama’at al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen,
Majallat Liwa
, 5 August 1990.

53
  
Awraq Urdania fi Assoulia wa Siasa
, [see fn 2, p.120].

54
  Statement of Jama’at al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen,
Majallat Liwa
, 6 August 1990.

55
  
Awraq Urdania fi Assoulia wa Siasa
, [see fn 2, p. 120].

56
  Statement of Jama’at al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen,
Majallat Liwa
, 15 September 1990.

57
  Ibid.

58
  Ibid.

59
  Letter from Mustafa Mashour to the Kuwaiti people,
Majallat Liwa
r, No. 9, November 1990.

60
  Wendy Kristianasen, ‘Kuwait’s Islamists, Officially Unofficial’, in
Le Monde Diplomatique
, June 2002.

61
  
Awraq Urdania fi Assoulia wa Siasa
, [see fn 2, p. 120].

62
  Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, May 2005. NB Helbawy worked at the Institute of Policy Studies in Islamabad.

63
  
Itha’at: Sheikh Saud Al-Nasser Al-Sabah
(Spotlight: Sheikh Saud Al-Nasser Al-Sabah), on Al-Arabiya, 5 January 2005. Available in Arabic on
http://www.alarabiya.net/programs/2005/01/07/9353.html
.

64
  
Awraq Urdania fi Assoulia wa Siasa
, [see fn 2, p. 120].

65
  
Itha’at: Sheikh Saud Al-Nasser Al-Sabah
, [see fn 2, p. 123].

66
  Busuleimani and Nahnah were happy to become part of this international movement whilst others within their group rejected the idea of being tied so formally to Cairo. However, it wasn’t long before Nahnah had competition from another well-known Islamist, Abdallah Djaballah, who considered that he should represent the Algerian Ikhwan instead of Nahnah. Djaballah appealed to Cairo to review the situation. However, the international organisation had the final say and gave the leadership position to Nahnah, who promptly gave
al-baya
to Omar al-Tilimsani. Nahnah then began using the formal slogans of the Ikhwan and called on his followers to give their allegiance to Cairo.

67
  
Al-Amoush al-Ikhwan al-Muslimoun bi haja ila perestroika
(Al-Amoush: The
Muslim Brotherhood are in a need of a perestroika), in
Al-Ghad
newspaper, 9 July 2007. Available in Arabic on
http://www.alghad.jo/?news=186069
.

68
  Wendy Kristiansen, ‘A Row in the Family’, in
Le Monde Diplomatique
, April 2000. Available on
http://mondediplo.com/2000/04/03tanzim

69
  The Al-Wasat affair was when a group of Egyptian Ikhwan split from the Brotherhood to form their own political party. See Kristiansen, ‘A Row in the Family’.

70
  Ibid.

71
  Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, June 2007.

72
  Mohammed Al Shafey, ‘Have the Muslim Brotherhood Gone Global?’, in
Asharq Al-Awsat
, 12 May 2007.

73
  Interview with Dr Hassan al-Huwaidi, Amman, February 2007.

74
  Interview with Ali Saddredine Bayanouni, London, May 2006.

75
  Ibid.

76
  Interview with Mohamed Habib, Cairo, May 2007.

77
  
Al-Amoush al-Ikhwan al-Muslimoun bi haja ila perestroika
, [see fn 2, p. 125].

78
  Interview with Fareed Sabri, London, May 2006.

79
  Interview with Mehdi Akef, Cairo, May 2007.

80
  Ibid.

81
  Interview with Fareed Sabri, London, May 2006.

82
  Ibid.

83
  Interview with Mehdi Akef, Cairo, May 2007.

84
  Ibid.

85
  Interview with Mohamed Habib, Cairo, April 2007.

86
  See
http://yhoo.it/SgnDQ2
13 July 2012 and also see
http://www.aawsat.com/leader.asp?section=3&article=686218&issueno=12281

87
  See for example,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xS36Ueyji_0&feature=relmfu

1
   Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, January 2008.

2
   Lorenzo Vidino has stated, ‘Unlike the larger Islamic community, the Muslim Brotherhood’s ultimate goal may not be simply “to help Muslims be the best citizens they can be”, but rather to extend Islamic law throughout Europe and the United States.’ See Lorenzo Vidino, ‘The Muslim Brotherhood’s Conquest of Europe’, in
Middle East Quarterly
, Winter 2005. See also Sylvain Besson,
La conquête de l’Occident: Le projet secret des Islamistes
, Paris, 2005.

3
   The MTI’s agenda was not only to reassert the Islamic and Arab way of life, but it also rejected Tunisia’s Francophile elite, which it condemned for being
Westernised.

4
   Gilles Kepel,
Les banlieues de l’Islam
, Paris, 1991, p. 265.

5
   Ibid. pp. 259–60.

6
   Ibid. p. 272.

7
   Following this letter, and in response to growing sensitivities over the issue, in 1990 Interior Minister Pierre Joxe set up a Conseil de reflexion sur l’Islam de France (CORIF). This was designed as a consultative group that would enable the French state to open channels with representatives of the Muslim community. Although the council achieved little and was soon suspended on account of internal differences, for the UOIF being in this body was crucial, as it had at last given them an opening into the very heart of the French establishment.

8
   Amghar, ‘Les mutations de l’Islamisme en France’.

9
   W. A. R. Shadid and P. S. Van Koningsveld,
Political Participation and Identities of Muslims in Non-Muslim States
, Leuven, 1996, p. 98.

10
  Ternisien,
La France des mosques
, p. 191.

11
  Kepel,
Allah in the West
, p. 199.

12
  Ternisien,
La France des mosques
, p. 151.

13
  Interview with Mohsen N’Gazou, Marseille, July 2006.

14
  Interview with Bernard Goddard, Paris, June 2006.

15
  Interview with Sheikh Ahmed Jaballah, Paris, June 2006.

16
  Ternisien,
La France des mosquees
, p. 157

17
  Quoted in ‘The True Face of the UOIF’, Simon Wiesenthal Centre.

18
  Interview with Lhaj Thami Breeze, Paris, June 2006.

19
  Quoted in Darif,
Bricolages identitaires des Musulmans dans l’espace politique français: cas de UOIF
.

20
  Interview with Mohsen N’Gazou, Marseille, July 2006.

21
  Interview with Moulay Abderrahmane Ghoul, Marseille, July 2006.

22
  Interview with Soheib Bensheikh, Marseille, July 2006.

23
  Interview with Lhaj Thami Breeze, Paris, June 2006.

24
  Ibid.

25
  ‘Qu’est ce que l’UOIF?’, in Paris, 2006, p. 19

26
  Interview with Sheikh Ahmed Jaballah, Paris, June 2006.

27
  Helle Merete Brix, ‘Among the Believers’, in
Sappho
, 1 June 2007. Available on
http://www.sappho.dk/Den%20loebende/bourgetengelsk.html

28
  Interview with Mohsen N’Gazou, Marseille, July 2006.

29
  Ibid.

30
  Xavier Ternisien, ‘Enquête sur ces Musulmans qui inquiètent l’Islam de France’, in
Le Monde
, 13 December 2002.

31
  Interview with Sheikh Abdelhadi, Marseille, July 2006.

32
  Ibid.

33
  Ibid.

34
  Interview with former UOIF member who preferred to remain anonymous, Paris, December 2006.

35
  Interview with former French Interior Ministry Official, Paris, June 2006.

36
  Interview with Mohsen N’Gazou, Marseille, July 2006.

37
  ‘Balancing Reactions’, in
Al-Ahram
, 26 February–3 March 2004, No. 679.

38
  Ibid.

39
  ‘France hijab ban takes effect‘, on
Al-Jazeera.net
. 4 September 2004. Available on:
http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=6217

40
  Ibid.

41
  Dominic McGoldrick,
Human Rights and Religion: The Islamic Headscarf Debate in Europe
, Oxford, 2006, p. 96.

42
  ‘
Muslimo Fransa Yatasdoun li Fernasat Al-Islam’
(‘French Muslims Challenge Francophised Islam’), on Al-Motamar, 18 August 2006. Available on
http://www.almotamar.net/news/33926.htm

43
  Interview with Lhaj Thami Breeze, Paris, June 2006.

44
  Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, January 2008.

45
  Ibid.

46
  Ibid.

47
  Ziauddin Sardar, ‘Searching for secular Islam’, in
The New Humanist
, Vol. 119 No. 5, September/October 2004. Available on
http://newhumanist.org.uk/798
(Accessed January 2008).

48
  Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, January 2008.

49
  Interview with imam at the Muslim Welfare House, London, 2004.

50
  Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, January 2008.

51
  Ibid.

52
  See
http://mssuk.net/pastactivities/pre2001.htm

53
  Ziauddin Sardar,
Desperately Seeking Paradise. Journeys of a Sceptical Muslim
, London, 2004, p. 35.

54
  Ibid.

55
  E-mail correspondence with Ashur Shamis, January 2008.

56
  Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, January 2008.

57
  Ibid.

58
  Ibid.

59
  Ibid.

60
  
Al-Tandeem al-Dawli lil ikhwan: al-wahd messira wal ma’al?
[The International Organisation of the Ikhwan: The Promise, the History and the Outcome?], 20 September 2004. Available on
http://www.rezgar.com/debat/show.art.asp?aid=23729

61
  Quoted in ‘Who Speaks for the Ikhwan’, in
Crescent International
, 1–15 January 1982.

62
  Quoted in Ibid.

63
  Kamal El-Helbawy, ‘A Message from Muslim Brotherhood Information Centre London, and the Spokesman for Muslim Brotherhood in the West’, 19 February 1996. Available on
http://lists.asu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9602d&L=muslims&T=0&O=D&P=65

64
  Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, January 2008.

65
  British Muslims Monthly Survey, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1998.

66
  See MAB website:
http://www.mabonline.net

67
  British Muslims Monthly Survey, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1998.

68
  Interview with Ahmed Sheikh, London, 2006.

69
  Ibid.

70
  ‘MAB Responds to Vile Attack’: statement by the MAB, 13 August 2004.

71
  
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/ vo031218/debtext/31218-18.htm

72
  ‘The Federation of Student Islamic Societies and the Muslim Association of Britain. An Alliance for Workers’ Liberty Briefing’, April 2005, Appendix B. Available on
http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:7yjVpiroxDkJ:
www.free-education.org.uk/Appendix_B_PDF.pdf+muslim+association+of+britain+ja mal&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=uk&ie=UTF-8
(Accessed January 2008).

73
  ‘Open up a Dialogue,’
The Weekly Worker
. No. 463. 16 January 2003. Available on
http://www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/463/dialogue.html

74
  Interview with Ahmed Sheikh, London, 2006.

75
  ‘The Muslim Association of Britain. The Centre for Social Cohesion’, undated. Available on
http://www.socialcohesion.co.uk/pubs/mab.php

76
  Ian Johnson, ‘A Mosque for ex-Nazis became Center of Radical Islam’,
The Wall Street Journal
, 12 July 2005.

77
  Ibid.

78
  Lorenzo Vidino, ‘The Muslim Brotherhood’s Conquest of Europe’, in
Middle East Quarterly
, Vol. 12, No. 1, Winter 2005.

79
  Interview with Dr Rifat Said, Cairo, May 2007.

80
  Interview with Mehdi Akef, Cairo, May 2007.

81
  Johnson, ‘A Mosque for ex-Nazis became Center of Radical Islam’.

82
  Interview with Mehdi Akef, Cairo, May 2007.

83
  See
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_El-Zayat

84
  See
http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40&Itemid=34

85
  See
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_El-Zayat