The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (Vintage) (117 page)

10.
HF and Crowther, “Way to Wealth,” pp. 4–5; Crowther, “Should Profit System Be Destroyed?,” p. 10; Samuel Crowther, “Our Job: An Interview with Henry Ford,”
Saturday Evening Post,
Oct. 31, 1936, p. 5.

11.
HF and Crowther, “Management and Size,” p. 154; HF and Crowther, “Toward Abolishing Poverty,” p. 120.

12.
HF and Crowther, “Way to Wealth,” p. 3; “Ford, Wages, and Depression,”
Business Week,
Feb. 22, 1933, pp. 10–11; “Should the Profit System Be Destroyed?,” p. 10; HF and Crowther, “Toward Abolishing Poverty,” p. 18.

13.
HF and Samuel Crowther, “There Is No Santa Claus,”
Saturday Evening Post,
May 16, 1931, p. 97; “Ford, Wages, and Depression,” p. 11; “Mr. Ford on Farm and Factory,” Detroit
News,
June 1, 1932; Crowther, “Our Job: An Interview with Henry Ford,” p. 7.

14.
“Henry Ford on Self-Help,”
Business Week,
June 15, 1932, p. 1; “Ford Urges Nation to Shun War and Stock Gambling”; Woolf, “Ford Answers Wealth-Sharers,” p. 16; HF and Crowther, “There Is No Santa Claus,” p. 96.

15.
See Howard R. Neville,
The Detroit Banking Collapse of 1933
(East Lansing, Mich., 1960); David L. Lewis,
The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company
(Detroit, 1976), pp. 238–41; Ford Motor Company,
The Truth About Henry Ford and the Banking Situation
(Detroit, 1933), in FA.

16.
“Ford Refuses to Aid Bank in Michigan,” Detroit
Times,
May 28, 1932.

17.
“Henry Ford on Self-Help,”
Business Week,
June 15, 1932, p. 1; “Ford Urges Nation to Shun War and Stock Gambling”; Rogers, quoted in Lewis,
Public Image,
p. 234.

18.
William Greenleaf,
From These Beginnings: The Early Philanthropies of Henry and Edsel Ford, 1911–1936
(Detroit, 1964), pp. 121–27.

19.
Lewis,
Public Image,
pp. 206–8; Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933
(New York, 1957), pp. 593–96; Allan Nevins and Frank Hill,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962
(New York, 1962), pp. 63–64.

20.
The statistics come from Heilbroner,
Economic Transformation of America,
pp. 179, 185; and Richard N. Current et al.,
American History: A Survey
(New York, 1987), p. 707.

21.
“Henry Ford Says This Is the Day of Opportunity,”
Collier's,
Nov. 10, 1934, pp. 7–8, 26.

22.
Ernest G. Liebold, “Reminiscences,” p. 1406.

23.
William J. Cameron, “Reminiscences,” p. 147; New York
Times,
Sept. 3, 1933.

24.
Alan Brinkley,
Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression
(New York, 1983), p. 60; Sidney Fine, “The Ford Motor Company and the N.R.A.,”
Business History Review,
Winter 1958, pp. 353–55, 358–59.

25.
Brinkley,
Voices of Protest,
p. 4; Fine, “Ford Motor Company and the N.R.A.,” pp. 358–60; Cameron, “Reminiscences,” p. 22. Acc. 52, box 8, FA, contains transcripts of phone conversations between HF and Johnson as they set up their June meeting, and a letter from Johnson to HF, June 27, 1933, thanking him for his hospitality on the recent visit to Dearborn.

26.
Detroit
News,
Aug. 30, 1933; Fine, “Ford Motor Company and the N.R.A.,” pp. 360–63.

27.
Company statement, in acc. 52, box 8, “NRA Misc.” folder, FA; “Ford Is Out,”
Time,
Nov. 6, 1933, pp. 20–21; W. J. Cameron to Arthur Brisbane, Sept 12, 1933, in acc. 52, box 8, FA.

28.
Fine, “Ford Motor Company and the N.R.A.,” pp. 365–69, 385; Woolf, “Ford Answers Wealth-Sharers,” p. 16.

29.
Charles Edison to HF, Oct. 8 and 9, 1933; transcript of phone call from Edison to HF, Oct. 7, 1933; and HF to Edison, Oct. 6, 1933, all in acc. 52, box 8, FA. See also Fine, “Ford and the N.R.A.,” pp. 364, 369–70.

30.
Harold N. Denny, “Ford Calls NRA a Step Toward an Era of Justice,” New York
Times,
Jan. 11, 1934; HF to Charles Edison, Oct. 6, 1933, in acc. 52, box 8, FA; “Like a Dream,”
Time,
May 9, 1938, p. 10.

31.
Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” pp. 49, 50; Emil Zoerlein, “Reminiscences,” p. 66; Joseph Zaroski, “Reminiscences,” pp. 12–13; Tom Phillips, “Reminiscences,” pp. 20–21.

32.
Cameron, “Reminiscences,” pp. 151–52; W. G. Nelson, “Reminiscences,” pp. 56–57.

33.
HF and Crowther, “There Is No Santa Claus,” p. 25.

34.
HF to Charles Edison, Oct. 6, 1933.

35.
Philip Kinsley, “An Interview with Henry Ford,” Chicago
Tribune,
July 12, 1935; Crowther, “Our Job: An Interview with Henry Ford,” p. 5.

36.
Crowther, “Our Job: An Interview with Henry Ford,” p. 7; HF and Crowther, “There Is No Santa Claus,” p. 96; Kinsley, “Interview with Henry Ford”; Zoerlein, “Reminiscences,” p. 233. On Huey Long and his similar populist critique of FDR and the Wall Street establishment, see Kennedy,
Freedom from Fear,
p. 237.

37.
Samuel Crowther, “The Only Real Security: An Interview with Henry Ford,”
Saturday Evening Post,
Feb. 1, 1936, p. 58.

1.
“Mr. Ford Doesn't Care,”
Fortune,
Dec. 1933, p. 131. Bennett offers a similar but longer account in his memoir, Harry Bennett,
We Never Called Him Henry
(New York, 1951), pp. 92–94.

2.
For the fullest contemporary account, see “4 Die in Riot at Ford Plant,” Detroit
Free Press,
March 8, 1932.

3.
Oakley Johnson, “After the Dearborn Massacre,”
New Republic,
March 30, 1932, pp. 172–74.

4.
“Mr. Ford Doesn't Care,” p. 131.

5.
Charles E. Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford
(New York, 1956), p. 8. For a good short synopsis of Bennett's life and career, see Ford R. Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants
(Detroit, 1993), pp. 29–34; Bennett relates his own version of events in
We Never Called Him Henry.

6.
Bennett,
We Never Called Him Henry,
pp. 14–15; John H. o'Brien, “Henry Ford's Commander in Chief: Harry Bennett and His Private Army,”
Forum,
Feb. 1938, p. 68; John McCarten, “The Little Man in Henry Ford's Basement,”
American Mercury,
May 1940, pp. 13–14; Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants,
p. 29.

7.
Bennett,
We Never Called Him Henry,
pp. 5–13; “Little Man in Ford's Basement,” p. 7.

8.
Bennett,
We Never Called Him Henry,
pp. 33–34; Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants,
pp. 30–31; o'Brien, “Ford's Commander in Chief,” p. 68.

9.
o'Brien, “Henry Ford's Commander in Chief,” p. 68; “Little Man in Ford's Basement,” pp. 9, 203; Fred L. Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 140: Irving Bacon, “Reminiscences,” pp. 204, 250.

10.
“Little Man in Ford's Basement,” pp. 10, 202; “Mr. Ford Doesn't Care,” p. 131.

11.
Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants,
p. 30; Bacon, “Reminiscences,” pp. 206–7; Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 140.

12.
o'Brien, “Ford's Commander and Chief,” pp. 68, 71; “Little Man in Ford's Basement,” pp. 205–7; Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants,
p. 31.

13.
Bacon, “Reminiscences,” pp. 258–60.

14.
o'Brien, “Ford's Commander and Chief,” p. 68; “Little Man in Ford's Basement,” pp. 205–7; Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants,
p. 32.

15.
Al Esper, “Reminiscences,” p. 89; Charles Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” pp. 20, 25–26; Anthony Harff, “Reminiscences,” pp. 58–60; “Little Man in Ford's Basement,” pp. 8–9; o'Brien, “Ford's Commander and Chief,” p. 69.

16.
Lawrence Sheldrick, “Reminiscences,” pp. 86–88; Hayward S. Ablewhite, “Reminiscences,” pp. 60–62; Harff, “Reminiscences,” pp. 61–62.

17.
George Brown, “Reminiscences,” pp. 128–29; o'Brien, “Ford's Commander and Chief,” p. 70; Bacon, “Reminiscences,” pp. 248, 202.

18.
Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” pp. 21, 25–26; Ablewhite, “Reminiscences,” pp. 65, 62; Black, “Reminiscences,” pp. 140–41; Esper, “Reminiscences,” pp. 88–90; Brown, “Reminiscences,” pp. 146–49; “Little Man in Ford's Basement,” p. 10.

19.
Bennett,
We Never Called Him Henry,
pp. 37–38.

20.
Esper, “Reminiscences,” p. 27; Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” pp. 27–28; Cameron, “Reminiscences,” p. 176; Harff, “Reminiscences,” pp. 75–76; Bennett,
We Never Called Him Henry,
p. 63.

21.
Mrs. Stanley Ruddiman, “Reminiscences,” p. 79; Peter Collier and David Horowitz,
The Fords: An American Epic
(New York, 1987), p. 166; Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” p. 25; Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 138.

22.
Ablewhite, “Reminiscences,” p. 89; Emil Zoerlein, “Reminiscences,” pp. 235–36.

23.
Black, “Reminiscences,” pp. 136, 139, 140–41; Herman L. Moekle, “Reminiscences,” pp. 160–61; Bennett,
We Never Called Him Henry,
p. 23.

24.
Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 135; Harold Hicks, “Reminiscences,” p. 177; Ruddiman, “Reminiscences,” p. 79.

25.
Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 135; Sheldrick, “Reminiscences,” pp. 86–87.

26.
Esper, “Reminiscences,” pp. 88–90; “Ford Men Counted Non-Union by 5 to 1,” New York
Times,
March 25, 1937; “Little Man in Ford's Basement,” p. 207; o'Brien, “Ford's Commander and Chief,” p. 67.

27.
“Ford: Frankensteen Gets a Beating, U.A.W. Gets Tremendous Impetus,”
Newsweek,
June 5, 1937, p. 7; “Ford Men Beat and Rout Lewis Union Organizers,” New York
Times,
May 27, 1937; “Threatens Arrest of Ford Men in Riot,” New York
Times,
May 28, 1937; “Ford Men Called Typical Hoodlums,” New York
Times,
July 9, 1937.

28.
“Ford Company Lays Riot to Newspapers and Union,” New York
Times,
May 28, 1937; “Ford's Spokesman Assails the NLRB,” New York
Times,
July 22, 1937; “Frankensteen Gets a Beating,” p. 8; “NLRB Finds Ford Guilty of Violating Labor Law,” New York
Times,
Dec. 24, 1937.

29.
Cameron quoted in “Ford's Spokesman Assails NLRB”; “On the Overpass,”
Time,
June 7, 1937, p. 69; Oswald Garrison Villard, “Issues and Men,”
Nation,
April 24, 1937, p. 467.

30.
Esper, “Reminiscences,” pp. 88–89.

31.
Robert L. Cruden, “The Great Ford Myth,”
New Republic,
March 16, 1932, pp. 117–18; W. J. Cunningham,
“J8”: A Chronicle of the Neglected Truth About Henry Ford and the Ford Motor Company
(Detroit, 1931), pp. 38–40, in FA.

32.
Cunningham, “
J8,
” pp. 23–25; Cruden, “Great Ford Myth,” pp. 117–18.

33.
“Ex-Foreman Stirs Row in Ford Case,” New York
Times,
July 15, 1937; Walter Griffith, “Reminiscences,” p. 31.

34.
Cunningham, “
J8,
” pp. 61–62; Keith Sward,
The Legend of Henry Ford
(New York, 1948), pp. 312–13; Griffith, “Reminiscences,” p. 31.

35.
Cameron, “Reminiscences,” pp. 219–20, 275–76, 278–79.

36.
Blow-by-blow accounts of this struggle can be found in Allan Nevins and Frank Hill,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962
(New York, 1962), pp. 28–54, 133–67; Sward,
Legend of Ford,
pp. 342–421.

37.
Charles N. Wheeler, “Close-Up View of Henry Ford and His Ideas,” Chicago
Tribune,
May 23, 1916; John Reed, “Industry's Miracle Maker,”
Metropolitan Magazine,
Oct. 1916, p. 67; Charles W. Wood, “If I Were President: Henry Ford Tells Where He Stands on All of the Great Issues of the Day,”
Collier's,
Aug. 4, 1923, p. 6.

38.
Tom Phillips, “Reminiscences,” p. 21; “‘Shun Unions,' Ford Advises Workers,” New York
Times,
Feb. 20, 1937; “Will Never Recognize Any Union,” New York
Times,
April 6, 1937; “Ford Hints Pay Raise in Fight with CIO,” New York
Times,
April 11, 1937.

39.
F. Raymond Daniell, “Ford Confidently Faces a Labor Duel,” New York
Times,
Oct. 17, 1937; “Ford Hints Pay Raise”; Ablewhite, “Reminiscences,” p. 29.

40.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
p. 254.

41.
“Ford Hints Pay Raise”; “Will Never Recognize Any Union”; HF to Charles Edison, Oct. 6, 1933, in acc. 52, box 8, FA.

42.
“Ford Says His Men May Join Anything,” New York
Times,
April 14, 1937. See also “‘Shun Unions,' Ford Advises Workers”; and Daniell, “Ford Confidently Faces Labor Duel,” for similar statements from HF about Wall Street direction of unionization.

43.
A. M. Smith, “Ford Gives Viewpoint on Labor,” Detroit
News,
April 29, 1937.

44.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 256–57; Sward,
Legend of Henry Ford,
pp. 333–35.

45.
Moekle, “Reminiscences,” p. 159; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 259–62. The escalating feud between Henry and Edsel Ford will be examined in more detail in chap. 24.

46.
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.,
Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry
(New York, 1964), pp. 196–97; Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth,
p. 135. See also Sidney Fine,
Sit Down: The General Motors Strike of 1936–37
(Ann Arbor, 1969).

47.
David L. Lewis,
The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company
(Detroit, 1976), pp. 253, 261–66; Sward,
Legend of Henry Ford,
p. 417; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 268–69.