The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (Vintage) (112 page)

54.
South Haven, Mich.,
Daily Tribune
and Flint
Journal
editorials, both excerpted in “Michi-gan's View of Ford,” New York
Tribune,
July 10, 1918.

55.
“Two Presidents of the United States Write Commander Newberry,” advertisement,
Detroit Saturday Night,
Oct. 26, 1918, p. 12. The ad also contained a briefer, less caustic letter against Ford from William Howard Taft.

56.
“Mr. Ford and the Senatorship,”
Outlook,
June 26, 1918, p. 332; Port Huron
Times-Herald,
Oswosso
Times,
Sanilac County
Times,
and Grand Rapids
News,
all excerpted in “Michigan's View of Ford.”

57.
Liebold, “Reminiscences,” p. 296; Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 121–24.

58.
New York
Tribune,
April 30, 1916.

1.
Reinhold Niebuhr, “How Philanthropic Is Henry Ford?,”
Christian Century,
Dec. 9, 1926, pp. 1516–17.

2.
Arthur Pound, “The Ford Myth,”
Atlantic Monthly,
Jan. 1924, pp. 41–49.

3.
“Why They Love Henry,”
New Republic,
June 27, 1923, pp. 111–12.

4.
“John F. Dodge and Horace E. Dodge vs. Ford Motor Company, Henry Ford et al., Michigan Records and Briefs, January 1919,” pp. 9–14, 331–32, in FA. Hereafter cited as Dodge Suit Record.

5.
Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933
(New York, 1957), pp. 90–91, 96; Dodge Suit Record, pp. 1–3.

6.
Ernest G. Liebold, “Reminiscences,” p. 177.

7.
Pipp's Weekly,
March 12, 1921, p. 5, and Jan. 19, 1924, p. 5; “Dodges Threaten Him, Ford Testifies,” New York
World,
Nov. 16, 1916.

8.
Liebold, “Reminiscences,” p. 177; Dearborn
Independent,
Oct. 8, 1915; Dodge Suit Record, pp. 351–52.

9.
HF, quoting his own testimony, in
My Life and Work
(Garden City, N.Y., 1922), p. 162; “Ford Makes Reply to Suit Brought by Dodge Brothers,” Detroit
Evening News,
Nov. 4, 1916.

10.
HF,
My Life and Work,
pp. 161–62; “Ford Says He Will Fight to the Highest Court,” Detroit
Free Press,
Nov. 14, 1916.

11.
Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 101–4.

12.
“The Ford Imagination,” Streator, Ill.,
Times,
Nov. 15, 1916.

13.
“Sees Dodge Fight on Ford Smelter Backed by Trust,” Detroit
Journal,
Jan. 10, 1917.

14.
“Ford, the Pioneer of Our $100,000,000 Market,” New York
Evening Mail,
Nov. 18, 1916.

15.
Samuel S. Marquis,
Henry Ford: An Interpretation
(Boston, 1923), pp. 65–66.

16.
See Vertical File—“Henry Ford's Camping Trips and Other Vacations,” FA, for a complete listing of these trips.

17.
Dorothy Boyle Huyck, “Over Hill and Dale with Henry Ford and Famous Friends,”
Smithsonian,
June 1978, pp. 88–94; Paula Wilens Metzler, “In Nature's Laboratory,”
Conservationist,
July–Aug. 1977, p. 30.

18.
Harvey Firestone,
Men and Rubber
(Garden City, N.Y., 1926), pp. 198, 215.

19.
Metzler, “In Nature's Laboratory,” pp. 30–33, 47; David L. Lewis, “The Illustrious Vagabonds,”
Antique Automobiles,
Nov.–Dec. 1972, p. 7; “John Burroughs' Reputation All That Saved Edison Party,” Poughkeepsie
Star,
Aug. 21, 1918.

20.
Firestone,
Men and Rubber,
p. 226; Charles J. Smith, “Reminiscences,” p. 42; Lewis, “Illustrious Vagabonds,” pp. 7–8; F. W. Loskowske, “Reminiscences,” p. 25.

21.
Lewis, “Illustrious Vagabonds,” p. 8; “Ford, Edison and Burroughs Show ‘Pep’ By ‘High Kicking,’ ” Fort Dodge
Messenger,
Aug. 26, 1918; Huyck, “Over Hill and Dale,” p. 90; Smith, “Reminiscences,” p. 43; Loskowske, “Reminiscences,” p. 16.

22.
Loskowske, “Reminiscences,” pp. 16, 19; Smith, “Reminiscences,” pp. 41–42.

23.
Burroughs, quoted in Firestone,
Men and Rubber,
pp. 214, 216.

24.
Ibid., pp. 235, 233.

25.
“Mr. Ford Demonstrates He's Not Afraid of Work; Repairs His Damaged Car,” Connellsville, Pa.,
Courier,
Aug. 21, 1918.

26.
Firestone,
Men and Rubber,
pp. 213, 227; “Henry Ford Chops Wood,” Philadelphia
Record,
Aug. 22, 1918.

27.
Firestone,
Men and Rubber,
pp. 191, 192; Huyck, “Over Hill and Dale,” pp. 91–94.

28.
Firestone,
Men and Rubber,
p. 188; Ford,
My Life and Work,
p. 240; Lewis, “Illustrious Vagabonds,” p. 9; Loskowske, “Reminiscences,” pp. 9, 33, 13–14.

29.
Charles E. Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford
(New York, 1956), p. 18; Lewis, “Illustrious Vagabonds,” pp. 8–9.

30.
Huyck, “Over Hill and Dale,” pp. 91–92; Loskowske, “Reminiscences,” pp. 29, 31; Fire-stone,
Men and Rubber,
p. 230.

31.
For a pioneering example of the abundant historiography on the early-twentieth-century recreation boom, see John Kasson,
Amusing the Million: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century
(New York, 1978). Warren James Belasco,
Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910–1945
(Baltimore, 1997), provides an insightful analysis of automobile touring and camping as part of this larger trend.

32.
Metzler, “In Nature's Laboratory,” p. 30; “Ford's Nerves Reason for Trip, Says Edison,” Pittsburgh
Dispatch,
Aug. 18, 1918; Loskowske, “Reminiscences,” p. 36.

33.
Lewis, “Illustrious Vagabonds,” p. 6; Metzler, “In Nature's Laboratory,” pp. 30–33, 47.

34.
Loskowske, “Reminiscences,” pp. 12, 16–17; Huyck, “Over Hill and Dale,” pp. 88–94.

35.
“The Edison-Ford Motor Jaunt to North Carolina,” New York
Commercial,
Sept. 21, 1918.

36.
Detroit
News,
May 14, 1919; Detroit
Times,
May 28, 1919; Detroit
Free Press,
May 13, 1919; Chicago
Tribune,
May 10, 1919; New York
Tribune,
May 25, 1919.

37.
Detroit
Times,
May 22, 1919; Detroit
Free Press,
May 13, 1919; New York
Tribune,
May 25, 1919; Detroit
Times,
May 24, 1919.

38.
Liebold, “Reminiscences,” p. 295; “Ford Sues for a Million,” New York
World,
Sept. 8, 1916.

39.
“Henry Ford at Bay,”
Forum,
Aug. 1919, p. 136; Liebold, “Reminiscences,” pp. 298–301.

40.
“Professor Lauds Opinions of Ford,” New York
World,
Aug. 2, 1919; “Ford's Teachings Upheld by Bishop,” New York
World,
July 26, 1919; “Doctrines of Ford Not Those of Reds,” New York
World,
July 30, 1919.

41.
“Asks Son of Ford About Huge Profit,” New York
World,
July 11, 1919; “Clergyman Made Ford Flag Design,” New York
World,
Aug. 2, 1919. See also, for instance, the description of the trial in Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Opportunity,
pp. 129–42; David L. Lewis,
The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company
(Detroit, 1976), pp. 103–8; Jonathan N. Leonard,
The Tragedy of Henry Ford
(New York, 1932), pp. 158–61.

42.
“About Ford and Benedict Arnold,”
Pipp's Weekly,
Oct. 15, 1921, p. 1.

43.
See, for instance, the reports of Ford's testimony in “The Grilling of Henry Ford,”
Literary Digest,
Aug. 9, 1919, pp. 44–46; “Henry Ford at Bay,”
Forum,
Aug. 1919, pp. 129–44.

44.
“Trying to Drill History into Henry Ford,”
Pipp's Weekly,
Oct. 22, 1921, p. 5.

45.
“Grilling of Henry Ford,” pp. 44–46; “Henry Ford at Bay,” pp. 131–32.

46.
Boston
Post,
July 16, 1919; Philadelphia
North American,
July 20, 1919; negative editorials, Chicago
Tribune,
Aug. 21, 1919.

47.
See acc. 62, box 4, FA, for numerous examples of the signed “Brisbane letters” received by the Ford Motor Company.

48.
Acc. 62, box 5, FA, contains hundreds of such letters, including the ones quoted from in this paragraph.

49.
“The ‘Ignorant’ Mr. Ford,” Fairbury, Neb.,
Journal,
July 22, 1919; “Henry Ford Proves His Ignorance in Court, Bless His Old Heart!,” San Jose
News,
July 20, 1919.

50.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
p. 30.

51.
Marquis,
Henry Ford: An Interpretation
, p. 9; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 146, 27; E. G. Pipp,
The Real Henry Ford
(Detroit, 1922), p. 24; John Kenneth Galbraith, “The Mystery of Henry Ford,”
Atlantic Monthly,
March 1958, p. 47.

52.
Lewis,
Public Image,
pp. 130, 129, 213; Fred L. Black, Ben Donaldson, and Walter Blanchard, “Reminiscences,” p. 42; Liebold, “Reminiscences,” quoted in Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
p. 607.

53.
Judson C. Welliver, “Henry Ford, Dreamer and Worker,”
American Review of Reviews,
Nov. 1921, pp. 481–95, esp. pp. 481, 493.

54.
Charles Merz, “The Canonization of Henry Ford,” Dearborn
Independent,
Nov. 27, 1926, pp. 617–18, 628.

55.
For a good description and analysis of this newspaper's founding, see chap. 11, “The Dearborn Independent,” in Ford R. Bryan,
Beyond the Model T: The Other Ventures of Henry Ford
(Detroit, 1997), pp. 101–6.

56.
HF, quoted in Detroit
News,
Nov. 22, 1918;
History of the Dearborn Independent,
n.d., in acc. 44, box 14, FA; Black, Donaldson, and Blanchard, “Reminiscences,” p. 3.

57.
“Ford in Action,”
Pipp's Weekly,
Sept. 1927; Black, Donaldson, and Blanchard, “Reminiscences,” pp. 2, 8–9, 15.

58.
Lewis,
Public Image,
p. 135; Black, Donaldson, and Blanchard, “Reminiscences,” pp. 17–19, 65; Liebold, “Reminiscences,” p. 442.

59.
“Mr. Ford's Own Page,” Dearborn
Independent,
Jan. 11, 1919.

60.
Black, Donaldson, and Blanchard, “Reminiscences,” p. 20.

61.
HF,
My Life and Work,
p. 20.

62.
Reviews of
My Life and Work,
in Greensboro
Daily News,
Jan. 21, 1923;
International Book Review,
Jan. 1923; “Finding the Winning Card in Business,” New York
Times,
Oct. 15, 1922; “Ford: Pioneer, Not Superman,”
Nation,
Jan. 3, 1923, pp. 17–18; Lewis,
Public Image,
pp. 215–16.

63.
Fred L. Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 158.

1.
Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933
(New York, 1957), pp. 8–9, 92; David L. Lewis,
The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company
(Detroit, 1976), p. 109.

2.
Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 8–9; Ed Cray,
Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Times
(New York, 1980), p. 137.

3.
Otheman Stevens, “Henry Ford Organizing Huge New Company to Build Better, Cheaper Car,” Los Angeles
Examiner,
March 5, 1919.

4.
“Henry Ford Defies Fellow Stockholders and Says He Will Proceed to Build Cheap Car,” Los Angeles
Sunday Times,
March 16, 1919.

5.
“Ford Company Officials in Dark on New Scheme,” New York
Herald,
March 7, 1919; “Ford Would Build New Car Himself,”
Automobile Topics,
March 8, 1919, p. 539.

6.
Automotive Industries,
April 3, 1919, p. 773; “Ford Automobile Holdings of Many Millions
Reported Sold to General Motors,“New York
Herald,
April 18, 1919; ”Argument Centers About the Fordlet,”
Automobile Topics,
March 15, 1919, p. 655;
Automotive Industries,
July 3, 1919, p. 39.

7.
“What Shall We Call the Baby,” New York
Herald,
March 16, 1919; “Ford Motor Company—New Car Development,” in acc. 62, box 89, FA.

8.
Ernest G. Liebold to Gaston Plantiff, March 19, 1919, Gaston Plantiff folder, acc. 62, box 107, FA; “Argument Centers About the Fordlet,”
Automobile Topics,
March 15, 1919, p. 655.

9.
R. T. Walker, “Reminiscences,” pp. 40–45; Dana Mayo, “Memo,” in acc. 940, box 19, FA; William N. Mayo, “Reminiscences,” pp. 21–25, 15, 32; John W. Anderson, testimony Jan. 27, 1927, in “Minority Stockholders' Tax Cases,” in acc. 940, box 19, pp. 1325–41, FA.

10.
“Ford Would Build New Car Himself,”
Automobile Topics,
March 8, 1919, p. 539;
Motor Age,
April 3, 1919, 15.

11.
Anderson testimony, in “Minority Stockholders' Tax Cases,” pp. 1325–41; Stuart Webb, quoted in New York
Times,
Feb. 5, 1927; Mayo, “Memo.”

12.
“Ford Auto Company Gets $75,000,000 Loan,” New York
World,
July 12, 1919;
Automobile Topics,
July 17, 1919, pp. 134, 146. For a fuller explanation of the financial intricacies of the minority stock purchase, see Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 109–13.

13.
“Purchase Paves Way for New Ford Era,”
Motor Age,
July 17, 1919, pp. 10–11.

14.
Mary Louise Gregory Brand, “Reminiscences,” p. 4.

15.
See Detroit
Journal,
June 16, 1915; “Ford Buys Thousand-Acre Site for Blast Furnaces and Plant,”
Automobile Topics,
June 19, 1915, p. 435; Edsel Ford to dealers, March 21, 1919, acc. 78, box 1.

16.
Frank C. Riecks, “Reminiscences,” p. 9; Walker, “Reminiscences,” p. 48; HF, quoted in “New Ford Blast Furnaces in Detroit to Cost $8,000,000,” New York
Herald,
June 25, 1916.

17.
William F. Verner, “Reminiscences,” pp. 16–17; “Ford Motor Company Minutes from Director's Meeting,” Nov. 28, 1916, in acc. 940, box 24, FA; Mayo, “Reminiscences,” p. 14.

18.
George Brown, “Reminiscences,” p. 121; “An Outside Vision,”
Ford Times,
Oct. 1916, p. 106.

19.
“Ford to Build Blast Furnaces at Rouge to Cost $8,000,000,” Detroit
Free Press,
June 24, 1916; “Progress Being Made on Ford Plant,”
Iron Age,
Dec. 19, 1918, p. 1520;
Detroit Saturday Night,
March 3, 1917; Verner, “Reminiscences,” p. 12; Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 204–5.

20.
Ford R. Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants
(Detroit, 1993), pp. 219–24; Mayo, “Reminiscences,” p. 24; Verner, “Reminiscences,” p. 21; Riecks, “Reminiscences,” pp. 9, 67, 24.

21.
Detroit
News,
May 18, 1920; see also Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 208–10.

22.
Charles E. Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford
(New York, 1956), p. 159; HF quoted in William Pioch, “Reminiscences,” p. 35. For discussions of “vertical integration” in early-twentieth-century American industry, see Glenn Porter,
The Rise of Big Business, 1860–1910
(Arlington Heights, Ill., 1973), pp. 43–54; Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.,
Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise
(Cambridge, Mass., 1962), pp. 116–20, 122–24, 144, 170–71; Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.,
The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
(Cambridge, Mass., 1977), pp. 363–65, 472–73; Olivier Zunz,
Making America Corporate, 1870–1920
(Chicago, 1990), pp. 12, 14.

23.
HF,
My Life and Work
(Garden City, N.Y., 1922), pp. 146, 147, 149–50, 151–52, 155.

24.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
p. 157; Verner, “Reminiscences,” pp. 13–14; Riecks, “Reminiscences,” p. 22.

25.
“An Outside Vision,”
Ford Times,
Oct. 1916, p. 106.

26.
John H. Van Deventer, “Ford Principles and Practice at River Rouge,”
Industrial Management,
Aug. 1922, pp. 65–66, and Sept. 1922, p. 132.

27.
Evans Clark, “The Super-Trust Arrives in America,” New York
Times,
Dec. 13, 1925.

28.
Riecks, “Reminiscences,” p. 39.

29.
For a brief sketch of Sorensen's life and career, see Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants,
pp. 267–73; a much longer, autobiographical account can be found in Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford.

30.
See Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants,
pp. 267–73; Ibid.

31.
Christy Borth,
Masters of Mass Production
(Indianapolis, 1945), p. 261; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 125–27, 130, quoted in text from 137–38, 169–70; Norman J. Ahrens, “Reminiscences,” quoted in Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 650–51.

32.
Charles Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” as noted in special collection, acc. 940, box 24, FA; Ernest G. Liebold, “Reminiscences,” p. 198; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 7–8.

33.
Voorhess, “Reminiscences”; Mead Bricker, “Reminiscences,” pp. 55–56.

34.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 156–58, 171–72, 173.

35.
Ibid., pp. 180–91.

36.
“The Ford Riddle,”
Detroit Saturday Night,
Feb. 5, 1921, p. 1; P. E. Haglund, “Reminiscences,” p. 66.

37.
Walker, “Reminiscences,” pp. 113–15; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 74–75.

38.
Voorhess, “Reminiscences”; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 144–46; Walker, “Reminiscences,” pp. 113–15, quoted in text; Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants,
pp. 155, 224.

39.
Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants,
pp. 213–14, 268.

40.
Philip Haglund, “Reminiscences,” quoted in Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
p. 280; Verner, “Reminiscences,” pp. 41–42; Bricker, “Reminiscences,” pp. 53–55, 58; Frank Hadas, “Reminiscences,” quoted in Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
p. 280; Herman L. Moekle, “Reminiscences,” as noted in special collection, acc. 940, box 24, FA.

41.
L. E. Briggs, “Reminiscences,” p. 9; W. C. Klann, “Reminiscences,” pp. 253–57; Edwin G. Pipp, quoted in Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
p. 275.

42.
Haglund, “Reminiscences,” and Theodore Mallon, “Reminiscences,” both quoted in Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 280–81.

43.
E. G. Pipp, “Ford's Secret Service,”
Pipp's Weekly,
June 11, 1921, pp. 1–4.

44.
Harry B. Hanson, “Reminiscences,” pp. 289, 291, 305–7.

45.
H. C. Doss, “Reminiscences,” p. 51.

46.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 15, 154–55.

47.
Ibid., pp. 25–26, 4–6.

48.
Ibid., pp. 6, 27; Frank Hadas, “Reminiscences,” quoted in Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge;
p. 280; Verner, “Reminiscences,” pp. 41–42.

49.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 27–28.

50.
Ibid., pp. 5–6, 33–34; E. G. Pipp,
Pipp's Weekly,
Jan. 29, 1924, pp. 4–5; Hanson, “Reminiscences,” p. 291; Joseph Galamb, “Reminiscences,” p. 32.

51.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 100, 159–60; see also Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants,
p. 268; Hanson, “Reminiscences,” p. 290; Christy Borth,
Masters of Mass Production
(Indianapolis, 1945), p. 261.

52.
Barbara Carritte [Marquis' daughter], “Reminiscences,” quoted in Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 349–50; HF,
My Life and Work,
pp. 197–99.

53.
“European Trip, 1921,” folder, in acc. 38, box 45, FA; Galamb, “Reminiscences,” quoted in Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
p. 282; Bricker, “Reminiscences,” p. 55; Fred L. Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 128.

54.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 143, 35, 149.

55.
Hanson, “Reminiscences,” pp. 303, 305.

1.
Sarah T. Bushnell,
The Truth About Henry Ford
(Chicago, 1922), p. 39.

2.
Samuel S. Marquis,
Henry Ford: An Interpretation
(Boston, 1923), pp. 36, 165; Edwin G. Pipp,
The Real Henry Ford
(Detroit, 1922), p. 43; Charles E. Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford
(New York, 1956), pp. 11, 34.

3.
Elizabeth Breur, “Henry Ford and the Believer,”
Ladies' Home Journal,
Sept. 1923, pp. 8, 122; Norman Beasley, “Ford Answers: ‘You Should Go into Business for Yourself,’ ”
Forbes,
Nov. 15, 1928, p. 12.

4.
Breur, “Henry Ford and the Believer,” pp. 8, 122, 124, 127.

5.
Ford R. Bryan,
Clara: Mrs. Henry Ford
(Dearborn, 2001), pp. 15–16, 23–24.

6.
Bryan,
Clara,
pp. 25–27; see also Margaret Ford Ruddiman, “Memories of My Brother Henry Ford,”
Michigan History,
Sept. 1953, pp. 261–62.

7.
Bryan,
Clara,
p. 28.

8.
Ibid., pp. 29–30; Ruddiman, “Memories of My Brother,” pp. 264–65.

9.
Bryan,
Clara,
pp. 31–58; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 15–16; Clara quoted in Ruddiman, “Memories of My Brother,” p. 266.

10.
Clara quoted in Bryan,
Clara,
pp. 35–37; Sidney Olson,
Young Henry Ford: A Pictorial History of the First Forty Years
(Detroit, 1997 [1963]), pp. 60, 65.

11.
Bryan,
Clara,
pp. 67–68. The photos are reproduced on pp. 45, 47, 72, 78 in ibid., and on p. 67 in Olson,
Young Henry Ford.

12.
Bryan,
Clara,
pp. 102–8; Sorensen is quoted on p. 104.

13.
Clara quoted in William A. Simonds,
Henry Ford: His Life, His Work, His Genius
(Indianapolis, 1943), pp. 142–43. See also Charles Voorhess, “Reminiscences,” p. 39; Clara Snow, “Reminiscences,” p. 42.

14.
Frederick L. Collins, “Mrs. Henry Ford,”
Delineator,
April 1927, p. 8; Clara Ford and Sorensen, quoted in Bryan,
Clara,
pp. 66, 103–4.

15.
Louise Clancy and Florence Davies,
The Believer: The Life Story of Mrs. Henry Ford
(New York, 1960), pp. 158–60; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
pp. 268–71.

16.
Harry Bennett,
We Never Called Him Henry
(New York, 1951), p. 102.

17.
Bryan,
Clara,
pp. 56, 111–12; Collins, “Mrs. Henry Ford,” p. 73.

18.
Bryan,
Clara,
pp. 108–10, 262–63; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
p. 16.

19.
Olson,
Young Henry Ford,
p. 65; Bryan,
Clara,
pp. 109, 158; Collins, “Mrs. Henry Ford,” p. 73.

20.
Bryan,
Clara,
pp. 108, 116–17, 152, 199–200; Collins, “Mrs. Henry Ford,” p. 73; Alphonse de Caluwe, “Reminiscences,” p. 29.

21.
E. Genevieve Gillette, “More Beauty, More Profit: Mrs. Henry Ford Reviews Possibilities of Roadside Markets,”
American Motorist,
Oct. 1928, pp. 9, 28.

22.
“Ford Peace Gift to Follow Wife's,” New York
Tribune,
Nov 24, 1915; “A Convert to the Cause of Suffrage,”
Woman Citizen,
Nov. 30, 1918, p. 549.

23.
“Establish Home for Girls,”
Michigan Churchman,
Nov. 1921, p. 15; Ford Office Correspondence, acc. 62-2, box 7, FA; New York
Times,
July 8, 1926.

24.
Harold Hicks, “Reminiscences,” pp. 162–63.

25.
Breur, “Henry Ford and the Believer,” p. 127; Collins, “Mrs. Henry Ford,” p. 73.

26.
Breur, “Henry Ford and the Believer,” p. 127.

27.
Pipp's Weekly,
May 6, 1922, p. 2; Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
p. 14; Rosa Buhler and J. D. Thompson, “Reminiscences,” p. 65; Edward J. Cutler, “Reminiscences,” p. 63.

28.
Breur, “Henry Ford and the Believer,” p. 8; “Spirit of 76! Henry Ford Talks to Bernarr Macfadden,”
Liberty,
Oct. 28, 1939, p. 8.