The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (Vintage) (107 page)

34.
Oldfield and Sturm, “Wide Open All the Way,” pp. 11, 52, 10.

35.
HF, quoted in Detroit
Journal,
Oct. 27, 1902; HF,
My Life and Work,
p. 51.

36.
HF,
My Life and Work,
p. 57. See DeAngelis, “Ford's ‘999,’ ” pp. 33–35, for details about this event.

37.
DeAngelis, “Ford's ‘999,’ ” pp. 34–35.

38.
HF,
My Life and Work,
p. 57.

39.
Detroit
Tribune,
Jan. 13, 1904; Detroit
News,
Jan. 15, 1904; see also Detroit
Tribune,
Jan. 16, 1904; Detroit
Free Press,
Jan. 22, 1904.

40.
This 1904 advertisement has been reproduced in David L. Lewis,
The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company
(Detroit, 1976), p. 30.

1.
“Auto Factory Built,” Detroit
Journal,
June 19, 1903; “Ford Is King,”
Horseless Age,
Jan. 13, 1904.

2.
See the obituary “A. Y. Malcolmson, Auto Pioneer Passes Away,”
Detroiter,
Aug. 6, 1923; newspaper stories covering his early career in the Detroit
Evening News,
April 1, 1903; Detroit
Free Press,
April 1, 1903 (quote), and Aug. 6, 1904. The “Hotter Than Sunshine” ad appeared, for instance, in the Detroit
Evening News,
Nov. 18, 1901, and the Detroit
Journal,
Sept. 18, 1901.

3.
A. R. Malcolmson, in a 1942 interview quoted in Harry Barnard,
Independent Man: The Life of Senator James Couzens
(New York, 1958), pp. 29, 30. On Malcolmson's wives, see “Mrs. A. Y. Malcolmson Was a Talented Woman,” Detroit
Free Press,
Dec. 7, 1901; “Sayings and Doings,” Detroit
Free Press,
Jan. 2, 1903.

4.
Allan L. Benson,
The New Henry Ford
(New York, 1923), p. 116, reports the results of an interview with James Couzens, Malcolmson's right-hand man, who explains HF and his boss's earliest contact. Allan Nevins,
Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company
(New York, 1954), p. 225, says that HF approached Malcolmson. Keith Sward,
The Legend of Henry Ford
(New York, 1948), pp. 15–16, suggests that Malcolmson approached HF. Sidney Olson,
Young Henry Ford: A Pictorial History of the First Forty Years
(Detroit, 1997 [1963]), pp. 160–62, argues for Livingstone's role in bringing the two together. But none of these scholars offers much evidence, and existing documents are not clear on the matter.

5.
A copy of this agreement, witnessed by C. Harold Wills and Bella Roberts, is in FA. On John W. Anderson, and for the quotation, see his testimony, in “Additional Tax Case,” transcript, 1927, pp. 1270–72, in acc. 940, box 14, FA.

6.
John Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” pp. 3–5.

7.
HF to Malcolmson, Oct. 30, 1902, acc. 940, box 14, FA; Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” pp. 7–8.

8.
John W. Anderson to his father, W. A. Anderson, June 4, 1903, in FA; “New Auto Factory Built,” Detroit
Journal,
June 19, 1903; “Ford Motor Company,” Detroit
Evening News,
June 19, 1903.

9.
Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” pp. 7–9; John W. Anderson to W. A. Anderson, June 4, 1903.

10.
Alexander Dow, quoted in William A. Simonds,
Henry Ford: His Life, His Work, His Genius
(New York, 1943), p. 79; John W. Anderson to W. A. Anderson, June 4, 1903.

11.
The investors, their contributions, and their shares received are listed in “Minute Book,” Ford Motor Company, vol. 2, entry for June 16, 1903, in acc. 85, FA. Olson,
Young Henry Ford,
pp. 170, 176–81, discusses the original stockholders at length. See also “New Auto Factory Built,” Detroit
Journal,
June 19, 1903; “Ford Motor Company Has Been Organized,” Detroit
Free Press,
June 20, 1903; “Ford Motor Company,” Detroit
Evening News,
June 19, 1903.

12.
John W. Anderson to W. A. Anderson, June 4, 1903; Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” p. 9; Fred Rockelman, “Oral History,” p. 10, FA.

13.
HF,
My Life and Work
(Garden City, N.Y., 1922), pp. 53–54, 56.

14.
Charles H. Bennett, “Reminiscences,” p. 33; Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” p. 36; Fred W. Seeman, “Reminiscences,” p. 6; Rockelman, “Oral History,” p. 13.

15.
Bennett, “Reminiscences,” pp. 48, 51; Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” p. 13.

16.
Frederick Strauss, “Reminiscences,” p. 7; Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” p. 37; Oliver Barthel, “Reminiscences,” p. 27; and Seeman, “Reminiscences,” p. 15.

17.
See Myrle Clarkson's reminiscences in “We Old Timers,” a column by George W. Stark, Detroit
News,
Sept. 16, 1941.

18.
See “New Auto Factory,” Detroit
Free Press,
May 13, 1904; “Ten Times Size of Present Plant,” Detroit
Free Press,
May 29, 1904.

19.
Bennett, “Reminiscences,” p. 32.

20.
Benson,
New Henry Ford,
pp. 117, 129–30. The author interviewed Couzens at length, and quotes him extensively throughout the book.

21.
Much of the information on Couzens' early life and career comes from Barnard,
Independent Man,
chaps. 2–6. Barnard relies upon sources among Couzens' papers and a large number of oral interviews with Couzens' associates and family members.

22.
Benson,
New Henry Ford,
p. 116.

23.
Ibid., p. 103.

24.
Ibid., pp. 104–5 for the quotation; Simonds,
Ford: Life, Work, Genius,
p. 79.

25.
Barnard,
Independent Man,
p. 43; John W. Anderson to W. A. Anderson, June 4, 1903.

26.
Benson,
New Henry Ford,
p. 119;
Ford Times,
July 1, 1908, p. 8; Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” p. 34.

27.
Henry L. Dominguez,
The Ford Agency: A Pictorial History
(Osceola, Wisc., 1981), pp. 9–10; Barnard,
Independent Man,
pp. 49–50, which includes his 1941 interview with Charles T. Bennett, quoted in the text.

28.
Charles E. Sorensen, “Oral Reminiscences,” pp. 44–45, 52, in acc. 65, box 66, FA; Rockelman, “Oral History,” pp. 13, 27; Frank Bennett, “Reminiscences,” pp. 35–36.

29.
Simonds,
Ford: Life, Work, Genius,
p. 92; James Couzens, “What I Learned About Business from Ford,”
System: The Magazine of Business,
Sept. 1921, p. 262.

30.
Barnard,
Independent Man,
pp. 44–45, quoted in text; Benson,
New Henry Ford,
p. 130.

31.
Barnard,
Independent Man,
p. 60. This close relationship also was attested to by Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” p. 36, and Frank Bennett, “Reminiscences,” pp. 31.

32.
Nevins,
Ford: Times, Man, Company,
pp. 250, 261, 272, 644, quoting from Treasurer's Records, Secretary's Reports, and other documents in FA; Detroit
Journal,
April 24, 1905.

33.
HF, quoted in Milton A. McRae,
Forty Years in Newspaperdom
(New York, 1924), p. 393; Couzens, quoted in Benson,
New Henry Ford,
pp. 119–20. See corroborating testimony in Frank Bennett, “Reminiscences,” p. 24.

34.
Anderson's recollection of Ford's comments is quoted in Olsen,
Young Henry Ford,
pp. 168, 179.

35.
Nevins,
Ford: Times, Man, Company,
pp. 260–61, discusses this situation in detail.

36.
Ibid., pp. 275–78.

37.
Frank Bennett, “Reminiscences,” p. 49.

38.
Vernon Fry quotes Gray in “Additional Tax Case,” transcript, pp. 1314–15. For a discussion of this entire matter, see Nevins,
Ford: Times, Man, Company,
pp. 278–79.

39.
Directors' minutes, Dec. 22, 1905, in acc. 85, FA.

40.
“Detroit's Newest Auto Company,” Detroit
Journal,
Dec. 4, 1905; “New Auto Plant,” Detroit
Free Press,
Dec. 5, 1905.

41.
Directors' minutes, Nov. 17, 1905, acc. 85, FA.

42.
Rockelman, “Oral History,” pp. 26–27; Charles H. Bennett, quoted in Nevins,
Ford: Times, Man, Company,
p. 331.

43.
Chas. Bennett, “Reminiscences,” pp. 93–96; Nevins,
Ford: Times, Man, Company,
pp. 330–31.

44.
See Malcolmson obituary, Detroit
News,
Aug. 2, 1923; articles on the Aerocar Company bankruptcy and subsequent lawsuits in Detroit
Journal,
Sept. 24 and Oct. 17, 1907; Ernest Liebold's report on his 1919 meeting with Malcolmson in “Liebold Papers,” in acc. 41, box 1, FA.

45.
Rockelman, “Oral History,” pp. 24–25.

46.
Detroit
Journal,
Jan. 5, 1906.

47.
Sorensen, “Oral Reminiscences,” pp. 73, 79; Joseph Galamb, “Oral History,” pp. 11, 17, in acc. 65, box 21-10, FA; Frank Bennett, “Reminiscences,” p. 24.

48.
Hugh Dolnar, “The Ford 4-Cylinder Runabout,”
Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal,
1906, pp. 108, 115–16.

49.
Seeman, “Reminiscences,” p. 25 (quote); Rockelman, “Oral History,” pp. 23–24; advertisement, “The Successful Ford,”
Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal,
vol. 10 (1905–6), p. 108, quoted in text. On sales figures, see Nevins,
Ford: Times, Man, Company,
p. 644, table compiled from records in FA.

50.
“Successful Ford,” p. 105; Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” pp. 14, 19.

51.
E. J. Finney,
Walter E. Flanders: His Role in the Mass Production of Automobiles
(privately printed, 1992), 2; Charles Sorensen, “The Early Years,” ms., in acc. 65, box 66-9, pp. 113–14, FA; Flanders memo to James Couzens, July 19, 1906, quoted in Nevins,
Ford: Times, Man, Company,
p. 334.

52.
Finney,
Flanders,
pp. 4–5; Max Wollering, “Reminiscences,” pp. 4, 16–17, quoted in text.

53.
Seeman, “Reminiscences,” pp. 43–44. Wollering, “Reminiscences,” p. 24, paints a similar picture of this system at Piquette Avenue.

54.
George Brown, “Reminiscences,” p. 19; “The Auto,” Detroit
Journal,
Nov. 30, 1907.

55.
Rockelman, “Oral History,” pp. 30, 32; Brown, “Reminiscences,” pp. 22–23, 175–76; See-man, “Reminiscences,” pp. 17–18.

56.
Brown, “Reminiscences,” pp. 24–25; Seeman, “Reminiscences,” pp. 32–33.

57.
Simonds,
Ford: Life, Work, Genius,
pp. 101–2.

58.
HF, “Special Automobile Steels,”
Harper's Weekly,
March 16, 1907, p. 386.

59.
HF,
My Life and Work,
p. 59; Sorensen, “Oral Reminiscences,” pp. 93–94.

1.
James J. Flink,
The Car Culture
(Cambridge, Mass., 1975), pp. 1–2, 154, 151; Robert and Helen Lynd,
Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture
(New York, 1929), p. 253. See also Lendol Calder,
Financing the American Dream: A Cultural History of Consumer Credit
(Princeton, N.J., 1999).

2.
HF,
My Life and Work
(Garden City, N.Y., 1922), pp. 65–66.

3.
Ibid., pp. 67, 68.

4.
Charles E. Sorensen, “Oral Reminiscences,” pp. 107–9, in acc. 65, box 66-9, FA; Joseph Galamb, “Oral History,” p. 15, in acc. 65, box 21-10, FA.

5.
Galamb, “Oral History,” pp. 15, 25.

6.
Sorensen, “Oral Reminiscences,” pp. 190, 112.

7.
Charles J. Smith, “Reminiscences,” pp. 3–4.

8.
John Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” pp. 19–20.

9.
Sorensen, “Oral Reminiscences,” pp. 104–5.

10.
Charles Sorensen, “The Making of Men,” ms., pp. 41–42, 109, in acc. 65, box 66-69, FA; Wandersee, “Reminiscences,” pp. 22, 34.

11.
Henry Ford, “Special Automobile Steels,”
Harper's Weekly,
March 16, 1907, p. 386.

12.
Smith, “Reminiscences,” pp. 4–5; George Brown, “Reminiscences,” pp. 45–46.

13.
See Philip Van Doren Stern,
Tin Lizzie: The Story of the Fabulous Model T Ford
(New York, 1955), for much practical description and many photographs of this vehicle. Joseph Galamb, “Memorandum for the 1919 Additional Income Tax Case,” in acc. 96, box 11, FA, provides a good summary of the Model T's features and their advantages. The description of the “nuzzling” Model T comes from Lee Strout White,
Farewell to the Model T
(New York, 1936), 14–15.

14.
Sorensen, “Oral Reminiscences,” pp. 125–26; see also Allan Nevins,
Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company
(New York, 1954), p. 396.

15.
Brown, “Reminiscences,” pp. 46–47.

16.
The temporary halt on orders of the new Model T was announced in
Ford Times,
May 1909, p. 17.

17.
Ford's Associated Press interview and the public reaction to it are discussed and quoted in “Henry Ford's Gospel of Spending,”
Literary Digest,
Dec. 29, 1928, p. 10.

18.
Headline and quotation originally in Tampa
Tribune,
Aug. 10, 1913. This statement is reprinted in HF,
My Life and Work,
p. 73. Although the first publication of the statement remains obscure, it regularly appeared in promotional copy for the Model T. See, for instance, its inclusion in
Ford Times,
June 1913, p. 366; “Eighth Wonder of the World Is 10 Years Old Today,” Detroit
Free Press,
June 16, 1913.

19.
HF,
My Life and Work,
pp. 67, 154; HF,
Today and Tomorrow
(New York, 1988 [1926]), p. 224.

20.
William Leach,
Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture
(New York, 1993), pp. xiii–xiv. Among many works on the evolution of American consumer culture, see Warren Susman,
Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century
(New York, 1984); Daniel Horowitz,
The Morality of Spending: Attitudes Toward the Consumer Society in America, 1875–1950
(Baltimore, 1985); Simon J. Bronner, ed.,
Consuming Visions: Accumulation and Display of Goods in America, 1880–1920
(New York, 1989).