The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (Vintage) (110 page)

18.
Harry M. Nimmo, “A Talk with Henry Ford,”
Harper's Weekly,
May 29, 1915, p. 520; Garet Garrett, “Henry Ford's Experiment in Good Will,”
Everybody's Magazine,
April 1914, p. 470.

19.
Garrett, “Ford's Experiment,” p. 468.

20.
Ibid., p. 473; Nimmo, “Talk with Ford,” p. 518.

21.
Nimmo, “Talk with Ford,” p. 520; Gerald Stanley Lee, “Is Ford an Inspired Millionaire?,”
Harper's Weekly,
March 14, 1914, p. 10; Garrett, “Ford's Experiment,” p. 465.

22.
“Millionaire Ford's Tastes Are Worker's,” San Francisco
Bulletin,
Jan. 17, 1914. See Clip-book No. 1, in FA, for many other articles publicizing Ford's populist characteristics.

23.
“Henry Ford Gives $10,000,000 in 1914 Profits to His Employees.”

24.
Couzens to William Robinson, Nov. 15, 1915, and Feb. 23, 1916, quoted in Harry Barnard,
Independent Man: The Life of Senator James Couzens
(New York, 1958), p. 94. Differing accounts of the origin of the Five-Dollar Day idea can be found in Charles E. Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford
(New York, 1956), p. 139, who credits Ford, and E. G. Pipp,
Henry Ford: Both Sides of Him
(Detroit, 1926), p. 48, who credits Couzens.

25.
Couzens, quoted in “Henry Ford Gives $10,000,000 in 1914 Profits to His Employees”; in “It Pays to Pay Good Wages to Ford Workers, Says James Couzens,” Detroit
Journal,
April 24, 1916; and in “Unity Is Urged to Aid Business,” Denver
Post,
April 29, 1914.

26.
James Couzens, “Why I Believe in High Wages,”
Detroit Saturday Night,
April 29, 1916.

27.
Couzens, quoted in “‘Crazy Ford’ They Called Him, Now He's to Give Away Millions,” St. Louis
Post-Dispatch,
Jan. 11, 1914; and in “It Pays to Pay Good Wages to Ford Workers, Says James Couzens.”

28.
Couzens, quoted in “Henry Ford, Who Made 26,000 Employees Happy.”

29.
Barnard,
Independent Man,
pp. 70–71, 77.

30.
Ibid., pp. 77–78.

31.
Ibid., pp. 70, 81–83. See also B. C. Forbes, “Multi-Millionaire Couzens Tells Why He Quit Business,”
Forbes,
Dec. 22, 1922, p. 307.

32.
Barnard,
Independent Man,
pp. 85–90.

33.
“It Pays to Pay Good Wages to Ford Workers, says James Couzens.”

34.
“James Couzens' Life Story: A Remarkable Man's Fight,” Detroit
News,
Oct. 18, 1915; Barnard,
Independent Man,
pp. 96–97, quoted in text; Ford R. Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants
(Detroit, 1993), pp. 70–73; Forbes, “Couzens Tells Why He Quit Business,” p. 310, quoted in text.

35.
Lewis,
Public Image,
pp. 73–75, quoted in text.

36.
“World's Economic History Has Nothing Equal to Ford Plan,” Detroit
Journal,
Jan. 5, 1914; “Social Justice Animates Ford, He Is Not for Multi-Millionaires,” Toledo
Blade,
Jan. 6, 1914; “Puts Capital and Labor on Equal Basis,” Grand Rapids
Press,
Jan. 5, 1914; “Ford Factory Has a Heart,” Keokuk
Gate City,
Jan. 6, 1914; “Industrial Readjustment Seen in Ford's Act, Henry Ford's Act Is That of a Far-Sighted Businessman,” Chicago
American,
Jan. 6, 1914; “Aid Man Who Sweats, Says Ford,” Detroit
Journal,
Jan. 7, 1914. For other stories on Ford's populist background, see “Henry Ford, Poor Farmer Boy, Who Earns $100 a Minute and Is Going to Share Profits with His Workmen,” Wilkes-Barre-
Times Leader,
Jan. 7, 1914; “Henry Ford, Who Boosts Men's Pay, Lowers Work Hours, Was Poor Boy,” Kalamazoo
Press,
Jan. 7, 1914.

37.
“Prosperity Sharing,” Cleveland
Plain Dealer,
Jan. 6, 1914; New York
Globe,
quoted in “Press Opinions of the Ford Plan,” Detroit
Free Press,
Jan. 9, 1914; “The Ford Profit Sharing,” Omaha
News,
Jan. 7, 1914.

38.
“The Ford Example,” New York
Times,
Jan. 11, 1914; “An Experiment,” Philadelphia
Telegraph,
Jan. 8, 1914; Cleveland
Leader,
quoted in “Press Opinions of the Ford Plan”; “The Labor World Has Been Startled,” Des Moines
Capital,
Jan. 8, 1914; “The Henry Ford Idea,” Peoria, Illinois,
Transcript,
Jan. 8, 1914.

39.
“Attitude Fair, Says Gompers,” St. Louis
Post-Dispatch,
Jan. 11, 1914; “Illinois Labor Unions Rejoice at Precedent of Ford People,” Joliet
Herald,
Jan. 8, 1914; “Ford Is Sincere, Is Labor Man's View,” Toledo
News,
Jan. 8, 1914; “Union Leader Lauds Ford's Wage Increase,” Chicago
Examiner,
Jan. 6, 1914.

40.
Wall Street Journal,
quoted in “Press Opinions of the Ford Plan”; Syracuse
Journal,
Jan. 13, 1914; “Tilton Lauds Ford, but Doubts Plan's Success,” Detroit
Free Press,
Jan. 6, 1914.

41.
Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford,
p. 141; automakers quoted in “Economic Mistake,” Keokuk
Gate City,
Jan. 9, 1914; “Ford's Plan Economic Mistake,” Piqua, Okla.,
Call,
Jan. 9, 1914. For impact on auto industry, see Alfred D. Chandler,
Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry
(New York, 1964), p. 18; Ed Cray,
Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Times
(New York, 1980), p. 109.

42.
“The Ford Plan of Distribution,” Pontiac, Michigan,
Press,
Jan. 8, 1914; “Ford Profit-Sharing Plan,” Manchester
Union,
Jan. 8, 1914; Grand Rapids
Press,
Jan. 8, 1914.

43.
John Reed, “Why They Hate Henry Ford,”
Masses,
Oct. 1916, p. 11; Reed, “Miracle Maker,” p. 11.

44.
“Jo Labadie Praises Ford for Gift to Men, Socialist Leader Also Commends Auto King,” Detroit
Times,
Jan. 8, 1914; “Ford's Plan Defended by Minister,” Detroit
Free Press,
Jan. 12, 1914.

45.
Untermyer and Darrow, both quoted in “Industrial Readjustment Seen in Ford's Act,” Chicago
American,
Jan 6, 1914.

46.
Eugene V. Debs, “Editor's Note” to “Some More Ford,”
National Rip-Saw,
Feb. 1916, p. 6; Kate Richards o'Hare, “A Conversation with Henry Ford,”
National Rip-Saw,
March 1916. On o'Hare's career, see Sally M. Miller,
From Prairie to Prison: The Life of Social Activist Kate Richards o'Hare
(Columbia, Mo., 1993).

47.
Upton Sinclair, “Henry Ford Tells,”
Reconstruction,
May 1919, pp. 129–32.

48.
John R. Commons, “Henry Ford, Miracle Maker,”
Independent,
May 1920, pp. 160–61, 189–91.

49.
Ida Tarbell,
All in the Day's Work: An Autobiography
(Boston, 1939), p. 289.

50.
“Jo Labadie Praises Ford for Gift to Men”; Lee, “Is Ford an Inspired Millionaire?,” p. 9.

51.
Reed, “Miracle Maker,” pp. 12, 64–65.

1.
“New Industrial Era Is Marked by Ford's Shares to Laborers,” Detroit
Free Press,
Jan. 6, 1914.

2.
For a good overview of the Ford wage plan and its sociological dimension, see Samuel L. Levin, “Ford Profit Sharing, 1914–1920,”
Personnel Journal,
Aug. 1927, pp. 75–86.

3.
“Henry Ford Gives $10,000,000 in 1914 Profits to His Employees,” Detroit
Journal,
Jan. 5, 1914; Couzens, quoted in “Ford Again Staggers the World,”
Motor Age,
Jan. 8, 1914, p. 64; and in Levin, “Ford Profit Sharing,” pp. 78–79.

4.
Allan Nevins,
Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company
(New York, 1954), pp. 458, 526–29; Samuel S. Marquis,
Henry Ford: An Interpretation
(Boston, 1923), pp. 136, 148, quoted in text.

5.
“Mr. Lee's Talk to First Group of Investigators, April 15, 1914,” in acc. 940, box 17, FA; John R. Lee, “The So-Called Profit Sharing System in the Ford Plant,”
Annals of Personnel and Employment Problems in Industrial Management,
May 1916, pp. 299, 301–2, 304.

6.
Helpful Hints and Advice to Employees: To Help Them Grasp the Opportunities Which Are Presented to Them by the Ford Profit-Sharing Plan
(1915), p. 3, in FA.

7.
Ibid., p. 13.

8.
Ibid., p. 15.

9.
Ibid., pp. 21–30, 28.

10.
Ibid., pp. 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 29, 35, 37, 6, 12, 23, 38, 39.

11.
See O. J. Abell, “The Ford Plan for Employees' Betterment,”
Iron Age,
Jan. 29, 1914, p. 307; Stephen Meyer,
The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908–1921
(Albany, N.Y., 1981), pp. 127–28.

12.
John A. Fitch, “Ford of Detroit and His Ten Million Dollar Profit Sharing Plan,”
Survey,
Feb. 7, 1914, p. 547.

13.
Factory Facts from Ford
(1915), p. 43, in FA.

14.
Nevins,
Ford: Times, Man, Company,
p. 531; “Profit Sharing Bearing Fruit,” Grand Rapids
News,
April 8, 1914.

15.
Helpful Hints and Advice,
pp. 32–34, 17–21;
A Brief Account of the Educational Work of the Ford Motor Company
(1916), p. 11, in FA; Levin, “Ford Profit Sharing,” p. 85.

16.
Ernest G. Liebold, “Reminiscences,” vol. 3, pp. 214, 231.

17.
“Final Report and Testimony Submitted to Congress by the Commission on Industrial Relations,”
Senate Documents,
vol. 26, 64th Congress, 1st Session, p. 7627.

18.
Marquis,
Ford: An Interpretation,
p. 152.

19.
Sarah Terrill Bushnell, “Henry Ford's Industrial Policy: ‘Give Men a Chance, Not Charity,’ ”
National Magazine,
July 1920, pp. 155, 156.

20.
HF, quoted in Fitch, “Ford of Detroit and His Ten Million Dollar Profit Sharing Plan,” p. 550; and in Marquis,
Ford, An Interpretation,
p. 153.

21.
HF, quoted in Otto McFarley, “Detroit Has Strangest School in the World,” Toledo
News,
June 27, 1914; and in Garet Garrett, “Henry's Ford's Experiment in Good Will,”
Everybody's Magazine,
April 1914, p. 469.

22.
HF, quoted in Garrett, “Ford's Experiment,” p. 270. See also HF,
My Life and Work
(Garden City, N.Y., 1922), p. 128; Willis J. Abbott, “Ford Tells Why He Gave $10,000,000 to Workers,” Chicago
Examiner,
Jan. 12, 1914; “Squalid Homes Banned by Ford,” New York
Times,
April 19, 1914; Marquis,
Ford: An Interpretation,
pp. 153–54.

23.
Ford R. Bryan,
Henry's Lieutenants
(Detroit, 1993), p. 206.

24.
Ibid., pp. 205–6; Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933
(Detroit, 1957), p. 332.

25.
“Common Cause,” Detroit
Free Press,
April 17, 1904; “Equal Morals for Each Sex,” Detroit
Journal,
March 2, 1910.

26.
“Detroit Men of Affairs” (feature story on Marquis), Detroit
Journal,
July 7, 1906.

27.
Marquis,
Ford: An Interpretation,
p. 147.

28.
Samuel S. Marquis, “The Ford Idea in Education,”
National Educational Association of the U.S. Addresses and Proceedings,
1916, pp. 910–12.

29.
Marquis,
Ford: An Interpretation,
pp. 109–10.

30.
Ibid., pp. 98–101.

31.
Marquis quoted in John Reed, “Industry's Miracle Man,”
Metropolitan Magazine,
Oct. 1916, p. 64; Marquis, “Ford Idea in Education,” pp. 913, 917.

32.
“Lecture by Dr. Marquis, Delivered Before the Advisors of the Educational Department at Detroit, January 11, 1917,” pp. 1–4, in acc. 293, box 1, FA.

33.
Samuel Gompers to Marquis, Feb. 5, 1918; Marquis to Gompers, Feb. 11, 1918; Ida Tarbell to Marquis, Jan. 20, 1916, and May 12, 1916, all in acc. 293, box 1, FA.

34.
Reed, “Miracle Man,” pp. 12, 64.

35.
“Dean Marquis Labors in the Ford Vineyard,” New York
Tribune,
Nov. 28, 1915; Marquis,
Ford: An Interpretation,
pp. 140–42.

36.
Samuel S. Marquis, “The Man—a Three-Cylinder Engine,”
Ford Times,
Feb. 1912, pp. 135–37. The reprinted pamphlet was entitled
The Man: On the Scientific Self-Management of a One Man-Power Three Cylinder Engine
(Detroit, 1912). The citations below refer to the
Ford Times
version.

37.
Marquis, “Three-Cylinder Engine,” p. 135.

38.
Ibid., pp. 135–36.

39.
Ibid., p. 137.

40.
Charles E. Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford
(New York, 1956), p. 155; Marquis,
Ford: An Interpretation,
pp. 140–42, 155.

41.
Otto McFarley, “How Ford Taught United States to Many Workers,” Toledo
News,
June 29, 1914; Lee, “So-Called Profit Sharing System,” pp. 305, 306.

42.
HF, quoted in New York
Times,
April 19, 1914.

43.
See Peter Roberts,
English for Coming Americans
(New York, 1909); Lee, “So-Called Profit Sharing System,” p. 306.

44.
Samuel S. Marquis, untitled document on history of Ford profit-sharing and sociological activities, p. 9, in acc. 293, box 1, FA; Bushnell, “Ford's Industrial Policy,” p. 157; “Assimilation Through Education,”
Ford Times,
June 1916, p. 407.

45.
“Assimilation Through Education,” p. 410; Editorial,
Ford Times,
Dec. 1916, p. 195; “A Motto Wrought into Education,”
Ford Times,
April 1916, p. 407; Marquis, “Ford Idea in Education,” pp. 911–12; “Better Workmen and Citizens,”
Ford Times,
Feb. 1917, pp. 315–17.