The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (Vintage) (111 page)

46.
“Assimilation Through Education,” p. 410; McFarley, “How Ford Taught United States.”

47.
“Better Workmen and Citizens,”
Ford Times,
Feb. 1917, pp. 315, 318; Marquis, “Ford Idea in Education,” p. 912.

48.
Marquis, “Ford Idea in Education,” p. 915; McFarley, “How Ford Taught United States.”

49.
Meyer,
Five Dollar Day,
pp. 157–58;
Helpful Hints and Advice,
p. 32; Marquis, “Ford Idea in Education,” p. 913;
A Brief Account of the Educational Work of the Ford Motor Company
(1916), p. 12, in FA.

50.
“From Codfish to Motor Cars,”
Ford Times,
Aug. 1915, p. 31.

51.
“The Making of New Americans,”
Ford Times,
Nov. 1916, p. 151; “Codfish to Motor Cars,” pp. 29–30; “Motto Wrought into Education,” p. 408.

52.
Reed, “Miracle Maker,” p. 12.

53.
Ibid., p. 64.

54.
“Final Report and Testimony,” p. 7629.

55.
“The Ford Uplift,” New Haven, Conn.,
Journal-Courier,
May 13, 1914; “Ford's Feudal System,” St. Albans, Vt.,
Messenger,
May 13, 1914.

56.
“Paternalism at the Ford Works,” Portsmouth, N.H.,
Herald,
April 24, 1914.

57.
John A. Fitch, “Ford of Detroit, and His Ten Million Dollar Profit Sharing Plan,”
Survey,
Feb. 7, 1914, p. 548; Reed, “Miracle Maker,” p. 64.

58.
William Pioch, “Reminiscences,” p. 62; John R. Lee, “Mr. Lee's Talk to Investigators on July 7, 1914”; and W. M. Purves, “The Investigators' Standing with Employees and Others, June 21, 1915,” both in acc. 940, box 17, FA; Levin, “Ford Profit Sharing,” p. 85.

59.
B. C. Forbes, “Men Who Are Making America: The Story of Henry Ford, Most Paradoxical Among Americans,”
Leslie's,
April 26, 1917, pp. 483, 497; C. J. Shower, “Guiding the Workman's Personal Expenditures,”
Automobile,
March 14, 1918, p. 547; “A Benefactor,” Cedar Rapids
Gazette,
May 5, 1914; “Henry Ford, Who Made 26,000 Employees Happy,” New York
Sun,
Jan. 11, 1914.

60.
The literature on progressivism is vast. For a recent compelling discussion of this current in American political culture, see Steven J. Diner,
A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era
(New York, 1998), esp. chap. 8. My summary of progressive assumptions is drawn from pp. 200–202.

61.
Marquis, “Ford Idea in Education,” p. 914.

62.
Ida Tarbell,
All in the Day's Work: An Autobiography
(New York, 1939), pp. 289–90.

63.
Ida Tarbell,
New Ideals in Business: An Account of Their Practice and Their Effects upon Men and Profits
(New York, 1917), pp. 127–29.

64.
John R. Commons, “Henry Ford, Miracle Maker,”
Independent,
May 20, 1920, pp. 189–90.

65.
Ibid., p. 191.

66.
Samuel M. Levin, “The End of Ford Profit Sharing,”
Personnel Journal,
Oct. 1927, pp. 161–70; HF,
My Life and Work,
p. 130.

1.
B. C. Forbes, “Men Who Are Making America: The Story of Henry Ford, Most Paradoxical Among Americans,”
Leslie's,
April 26, 1917, p. 483; Samuel S. Marquis,
Henry Ford: An Interpretation
(Boston, 1923), p. 55.

2.
This description is drawn from Harry Barnard,
Independent Man: The Life of Senator James Couzens
(New York, 1958), pp. 5–6, 99, which in turn is based upon the transcript of a 1926 interview with Couzens deposited in the Couzens papers.

3.
Ford Times,
Feb. 1915, p. 192; “Henry Ford to Push World-Wide Campaign for Universal Peace,” Detroit
Free Press,
Aug. 22, 1915.

4.
Edward Marshall, “Commercialism Made War, Says Henry Ford,” Indianapolis
Star Magazine,
April 11, 1915; Kate Richards o'Hare, “A Conversation with Henry Ford,”
National Rip-Saw,
March 1916, p. 8; HF, “Concerning Preparedness,”
Farm Life,
March 1916, p. 17.

5.
HF, “Concerning Preparedness,” p. 17; HF, “Humanity—and Sanity,” advertisement template, in acc. 1, box 193, FA.

6.
Dozens of newspapers carried stories on Ford's announcement. For a particularly full one, see “Ford Hires Liner in Peace Crusade,” New York
Times,
Nov. 25, 1915.

7.
See, for instance, “Ford to Captain Peace Crusade in Chartered Liner,” Philadelphia
Evening Telegraph,
Nov. 24, 1915; “Peace Ship Will Sail in December,” New York
Evening Post,
Nov. 24, 1915; “Prominent People to Go with Ford,” Wheeling
Intelligencer,
Nov. 26, 1915; “To End War by Wireless,” Boston
Post,
Nov. 28, 1915. On Ford's brief speech, see Louis P. Lochner,
Henry Ford: America's Don Quixote
(New York, 1925), pp. 41–44.

8.
“Henry Ford, Peacemaker,” New York
Evening World,
Dec. 2, 1915; “Henry Ford's Crime,” Seattle
Times,
Dec. 6, 1915; “The Ford Expedition,” New York
Herald,
Dec. 6, 1915.

9.
“Ford Meets Difficulties in Filling His Peace Ship,” New York
Sun,
Nov. 26, 1915; Louisville
Herald,
Dec. 2, 1915.

10.
These editorials are excerpted in “Editorial Opinions on Henry Ford's Peace Mission,” Detroit
Free Press,
Nov. 27, 1915.

11.
Ibid.

12.
“Depew Puts Ford in Barnum Class; Calls Trip Absurd,” New York
Press,
Nov. 29, 1915; “Beats Barnum, Says B. Sunday,” Houston
Chronicle,
Dec. 5, 1915; “Ford ‘a Clown Strutting on Stage,’ Says Mr. Parker,” New York
Telegram,
Dec. 1, 1915.

13.
“Joy Riders of Peace,” Philadelphia
Ledger,
Nov. 27, 1915; “The Clown,” New York
Evening World,
Dec. 2, 1915; New York
Sun,
Nov. 27, 1915; New York
World,
Nov. 25, 1915; “Not to Be Ridiculed,” Paterson, N.J.,
Press-Guardian,
Nov. 26, 1915.

14.
See accounts in the Philadelphia
North American,
Dec. 5, 1915; New York
Telegraph,
Dec. 6, 1915; New York
American,
Dec. 6, 1915. A full-page collection of cartoons appeared in the Los Angeles
Times,
Dec. 18, 1915. A brief account of the
Oscar II
's departure can be found in J. Timberlake Gibson, “Henry Ford's Peace Ship: Not a Better Idea,”
Smithsonian,
Dec. 1974, pp. 94–96.

15.
“Ford Ship Is Scene of War,” Springfield
News,
Dec. 13, 1915; “Peace Angels War on Ford Ship over Wilson Message,” New York
World,
Dec. 13, 1915; “Threat to Quit Peace Ship,” New York
Mail,
Dec. 13, 1915.

16.
New York
World,
Dec. 21, 1915; Florence Lattimore, “Aboard the Oscar II,”
Survey,
Jan. 15, 1916, pp. 458–59; Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933
(New York, 1957), p. 42; New York
American,
Dec. 19, 1915; Troy
Record,
Dec. 28, 1915.

17.
Gibson, “Ford's Peace Ship,” p. 95.

18.
Lattimore, “Aboard the Oscar II,” p. 458; David L. Lewis,
The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company
(Detroit, 1976), p. 90; New York
Times,
Dec. 15, 1915.

19.
Gibson, “Ford's Peace Ship,” p. 95; Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
p. 45. For a sympathetic if unconvincing account of the
Oscar II
's voyage by one of the participants, see J. E. Jones, “The Truth About the Henry Ford Peace Expedition,”
National Magazine,
March 1916, pp. 961–68.

20.
Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
p. 45.

21.
Lochner,
Ford: America's Don Quixote,
p. 122.

22.
“Ford Back, Plans a New Peace Drive,” New York
Tribune,
Jan. 3, 1916; “Henry Ford Back, Admits an Error, Denies Deserting,” New York
Times,
Jan. 3, 1916; Lewis,
Public Image,
p. 91.

23.
“Henry Ford Back, Admits an Error, Denies Deserting”; HF, “Humanity—and Sanity” appearing, for example, in the New York
Evening Post,
April 28, 1916; HF, “Concerning Preparedness,”
Farm Life,
March 1916; Lewis,
Public Image,
p. 91.

24.
HF,
My Life and Work
(Garden City, N.Y., 1922), p. 245.

25.
“Ford's Farewell Message to U.S.,” Houston
Chronicle,
Dec. 5, 1915; Marshall, “Commercialism Made War, Says Henry Ford.”

26.
“Ford Makes His Will; Says He's for Allies,” New York
Evening Sun,
Dec. 3, 1915; HF,
“Concerning Preparedness,” p. 17; Marshall, “Commercialism Made War, Says Henry Ford.”

27.
HF, “Humanity—and Sanity.”

28.
Marshall, “Commercialism Made War, Says Henry Ford.”

29.
Ibid.; HF, “Concerning Preparedness,” p. 17; HF, “Humanity—and Sanity.”

30.
Marshall, “Commercialism Made War, Says Henry Ford”; Lochner,
Ford: America's Don Quixote,
p. 18.

31.
Hedley G. Stacey, “Reminiscences,” p. 29. For an analysis of the antiwar tradition in populism, see Richard Hofstadter,
The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R.
(New York, 1959), pp. 85–86, 271–72, although Hofstadter believes that populists objected more to “institutional militarism” than to war itself, and distinguishes between wars of conquest and wars for humanity.

32.
Stacey, “Reminiscences,” pp. 29–30; “Henry Ford to Push World-Wide Campaign for Universal Peace”; HF, “Concerning Preparedness,” p. 17; Marshall, “Commercialism Made War, Says Henry Ford.”

33.
Lochner,
Ford: America's Don Quixote,
p. 44; “Mr. Ford's Own Page,” Dearborn
Independent,
Nov. 22, 1919, p. 3. See also HF's statements, quoted in Detroit
News,
Feb. 22 and May 7, 1916, and in New York
Times,
April 23, 1916.

34.
HF, in Detroit
Free Press,
Aug. 15, 1915; “Henry Ford to Push World-Wide Campaign for Universal Peace”; HF, “Concerning Preparedness”; Kate Richards o'Hare, “A Conversation with Henry Ford,”
National Rip-Saw,
March 1916, pp. 6, 8.

35.
Marshall, “Commercialism Made War, Says Henry Ford”; o'Hare, “Conversation with Henry Ford,” pp. 6, 8.

36.
“Ford Makes His Will, Says He's for Allies,” New York
Evening Sun,
Dec. 3, 1915; Lochner,
Ford: America's Don Quixote,
pp. 17, 42.

37.
New York
American,
Jan. 3, 1916; and Saginaw, Mich.,
Herald,
Jan. 6, 1916.

38.
New York
Times,
March 2, April 7, April 23, and April 26, 1916; Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 114–15.

39.
New York
Times,
April 8 and April 23, 1916.

40.
See the cache of letters in acc. 63, box 4, FA; Reynold M. Wik,
Henry Ford and Grass-Roots America
(Ann Arbor, 1972), pp. 167–68.

41.
Wik,
Ford and Grass-Roots America,
p. 168; Ernest G. Liebold, “Reminiscences,” pp. 283–89; acc. 62, FA, containing several documents that reveal Ford's advertising support for the Wilson campaign; “Henry Ford Out in Support of Wilson,” New York
World,
Sept. 15, 1916.

42.
“‘Out of the Shops in Eight Hours' Is Ford's Wilson Cry,” New York
World,
Oct. 7, 1916.

43.
HF, “Humanity and Your Vote,” Detroit
Evening News,
Nov. 4, 1916.

44.
“Henry Ford Offers His Factory Free,” New York
Herald,
Feb. 6, 1917, quoted in text; HF,
My Life and Work,
p. 246, quoted in text; Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
p. 56.

45.
For good summaries of Ford Motor Company's wartime endeavors, see Nevins and Hill,
Ford: Expansion and Challenge,
pp. 63–76; and Lewis,
Public Image,
pp. 93–96.

46.
HF testimony, July 15, 1919, in “Henry Ford vs. The Tribune Company et al., Circuit Court for the Country of Macomb, State of Michigan, Transcript of Court Record, May 13–August 14, 1919,” in FA;
Pipp's Weekly,
March 25, 1922, p. 7; Ray Stannard Baker,
Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters
(New York, 1927–39), vol. 8, p. 209.

47.
HF to John Magnum, July 1918, in acc. 62, box 60, FA.

48.
“Ford Now in Open as Senate Candidate,” New York
Tribune,
Sept. 8, 1918; “Proverbs of Henry Ford,”
Detroit Saturday Night,
Aug. 7, 1918; “Ford Declares for Suffrage,” New York
Tribune,
July 24, 1918.

49.
HF, “Why Henry Ford Wants to Be a Senator,”
World's Work,
Sept. 1918, pp. 522–27.

50.
See “Fear of Attack on Ford,” New York
Herald Tribune,
Nov. 1, 1918; excerpts from newspaper editorials, in “What Michigan Thinks of Henry Ford and His Candidacy,”
Detroit
Saturday Night,
July 13, 1918, p. 2, and Aug. 3, 1918, p. 16; Newberry ads, in
Detroit Saturday Night,
July 6, 1918, p. 5, and July 13, 1918, p. 4.

51.
McAdoo to HF, June 15, 1918; Baruch to HF, June 20, 1918; Commons to HF, June 8, 1918, all in acc. 62, box 60, FA.

52.
“Ford, the Apostle of Efficiency,”
Union,
Aug. 16, 1918; “Henry Ford Is Progressive, Therefore He Suffers Abuse,” New York
American,
Sept. 9, 1918.

53.
Frank Parker Stockbridge, “Henry Ford, Amateur,”
World's Work,
Sept. 1918, pp. 504–15.