The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (Vintage) (109 page)

41.
HF,
My Life and Work,
pp. 80–81.

42.
On Taylor and scientific management, see Samuel Haber,
Efficiency and Uplift: Scientific Management in the Progressive Era
(Chicago, 1964); Daniel Nelson,
Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management
(Madison, Wisc., 1980); Daniel T. Rodgers,
The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850–1920
(Chicago, 1978), pp. 53–57. Historians such as Alfred Chandler,
The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
(Cambridge, Mass., 1977), and Olivier Zunz,
Making America Corporate, 1870–1920
(Chicago, 1990), have stressed that Taylorism was the foundation for a much broader rationalization of modern corporate capitalism under the auspices of a new managerial class.

43.
Arnold and Faurote,
Ford Methods and the Ford Shops,
p. 20; Hounshell,
From American System to Mass Production,
p. 251 quoted in text.

44.
Wibel, “Reminiscences,” pp. 22–24; O. J. Abell, “Making the Ford Motor Car,”
Iron Age,
June 6, 1912, pp. 1457–58; Charles Madison, “My Seven Years of Automotive Servitude,” in David L. Lewis and Laurence Goldstein, eds.,
The Automobile and American Culture
(Ann Arbor, 1983), pp. 17–18. In fact, Max Wollering claimed in his “Reminiscences” that he had used a stopwatch as early as 1907 to systematize work functions.

45.
Abell, “Making the Ford Motor Car,” pp. 1457–58; Fred H. Colvin, “Making Rear Axles for the Ford Auto,”
American Machinist,
July 24, 1913, p. 148; Klann, “Reminiscences,” pp. 37, 54.

46.
Arnold and Faurote,
Ford Methods and Ford Shops,
p. 119. See Stephen Meyer,
The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908–1921
(Albany, N.Y., 1981), pp. 60–64, for a revealing discussion of the assembly line's impact at Ford.

47.
Daniel T. Rodgers,
The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850–1920
(Chicago, 1978), remains a splendid analysis of the work ethic and its role in American industrialization.

48.
HF,
My Life and Work,
pp. 3, 9, 92.

49.
Ibid., p. 120; Judson C. Welliver, “Henry Ford, Dreamer and Worker,”
American Review of Reviews,
Nov. 1921, p. 482.

50.
HF,
My Life and Work,
pp. 83, 279, 77, 80; HF, “Mass Production,”
Encyclopaedia Britannica
(New York and London, 1929), vol. 15, p. 40.

51.
HF,
My Life and Work,
pp. 103, 77–79; HF, “Mass Production,” p. 40.

52.
HF,
My Life and Work,
pp. 110–11.

53.
HF, “Mass Production,” pp. 40–41; HF,
My Life and Work,
pp. 105–6.

54.
HF,
My Life and Work,
pp. 103, 278–79.

55.
HF, “Mass Production,” p. 41.

56.
Ibid., pp. 38, 39.

57.
Sorensen, “The Early Years,” pp. 61–62.

1.
Julian Street, “Detroit the Dynamic,”
Collier's,
July 4, 1914, pp. 24–27.

2.
For an exhaustive account of the Selden court battle, see William Greenleaf,
Monopoly on Wheels: Henry Ford and the Selden Automobile Patent
(Detroit, 1961). See also Allan Nevins,
Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company
(New York, 1954), pp. 284–294; David L. Lewis,
The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company
(Detroit, 1976), pp. 20–21.

3.
“Ford on the Selden Association,”
Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal,
Oct. 1, 1903, pp. 17, 48; Ford ads,
Horseless Age,
Jan. 27, 1904, and March 30, 1904; Ford ad in
Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal,
April 1, 1904.

4.
Among the most insightful works on progressivism are Richard Hofstadter,
The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R.
(New York, 1959); Robert Wiebe,
The Search for Order, 1877–1920
(New York, 1967); James T. Kloppenberg,
Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870–1920
(New York, 1986); Daniel Rodgers,
Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age
(Cambridge, Mass., 1998).

5.
Ford ads,
Horseless Age,
Jan. 27, 1904, and March 30, 1904; Ford ad, New York
Herald,
Jan. 14, 1906.

6.
“What Henry Ford Has to Say in Reply,”
Automobile,
May 2, 1907, pp. 735–36.

7.
Henry Ford, “Ford Against the Selden Patent,” Detroit
News Tribune,
Feb. 17, 1907.

8.
See Nevins,
Ford: Times, Man, Company,
pp. 415–37; Lewis,
Public Image of Ford,
pp. 23–24.

9.
“A Significant Event,”
Ford Times,
Feb. 1911, pp. 172–74, 183, quoted in text; “Ford Victory Pleases Many,” Detroit
Journal,
Jan. 11, 1911; “Motor Car News,” Detroit
Journal,
Jan. 18, 1911; Nevins,
Ford: Times, Man, Company,
pp. 437–38.

10.
Horseless Age,
Jan. 11, 1911, pp. 120–26, and Jan. 18, 1911, p. 145;
Motor World,
Jan. 12, 1911, pp. 1–3; “Ford the Fighter,” Detroit
Free Press,
March 1, 1910; “Changes in Automobiledom,” Detroit
Free Press,
Jan. 12, 1911; “Henry Ford's Victory,” Detroit
Journal,
Jan. 11, 1911; “One Man's Example,” Fort Wayne
Independent,
Aug 12, 1913.

11.
HF,
My Life and Work
(Garden City, N.Y., 1922), p. 63; “Liberating an Industry,” in
A Series of Talks Given on the Ford Sunday Evening Hour by W. J. Cameron, 1934–1935
(Dearborn, Mich., 1935), pp. 50–52.

12.
“Henry Ford in Fifteen Years Rises to Be, in Point of Income, One of the Richest Men in the World,” St. Paul
Pioneer,
Aug. 24, 1913; Harry M. Nimmo, “A Talk with Henry Ford,”
Harper's Weekly,
May 29, 1915, p. 519.

13.
See, for instance, stories dated July 9, 1914, in Cincinnati
Times-Star,
Indianapolis
News,
and Louisville
Post.
See “Henry Ford; or How to Be Happy on a Million a Month,”
Current Opinion,
Aug. 1914, p. 95.

14.
“Henry Ford, Looking into the Future, Sees 500-Lb. Cars Going 200 Miles an Hour,” Detroit
Journal,
July 16, 1913.

15.
“Ford's Folly Brings Millions: Modest Beginnings and Great Accomplishments of Automobile Manufacturer Told—His Life Is Simple,” Pasadena
News,
Sept. 17, 1913; “How Ford's
Folly Grew,” Omaha
Bee,
Sept. 28, 1913; “Henry Ford; or How to Be Happy on a Million a Month,“p. 95; Harry M. Nimmo, ”A Talk with Henry Ford,”
Harper's Weekly,
May 29, 1915, p. 520; Chicago
Herald,
quoted in Frank Bonville,
What Henry Ford Is Doing
(Seattle, 1920), p. 13.

16.
“Henry Ford; or How to Be Happy on a Million a Month,” p. 95; Nimmo, “Talk with Henry Ford,” p. 520.

17.
“Henry Ford; or How to Be Happy on a Million a Month,” p. 95; Nimmo, “Talk with Henry Ford,” pp. 518, 520.

18.
Flint
Journal,
Sept. 24, 1913; “How Ford's Folly Grew”; “Henry Ford; or How to Be Happy on a Million a Month,” p. 96.

19.
Nimmo, “Talk with Henry Ford,” pp. 519–20.

20.
Ibid., p. 518.

21.
Gerald Stanley Lee, “Is Ford an Inspired Millionaire?,”
Harper's Weekly,
March 14, 1914, pp. 9, 10.

22.
“Ford ads from 1908,” Acc. 19, box 2, FA.

23.
The Carriage Dealer's Opportunity
(1909), p. 5, in FA;
Ford Motor Cars
(1909), p. 4, in FA.

24.
Ford ads, Detroit
Free Press,
March 20, 1910;
Horseless Age,
March 30, 1904; Detroit
Free Press,
March 27, 1910; see also
The Woman and the Ford
(1912), in FA.

25.
Ford Motor Cars
(1912).

26.
On Hubbard's life and magazines, see David A. Balch,
Elbert Hubbard
(New York, 1940), esp. pp. 261–64; Frank Luther Mott,
A History of American Magazines, 1885–1905
(Cambridge, Mass., 1957), pp. 639–48; Jackson Lears,
No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920
(New York, 1981), pp. 68, 86, 89.

27.
Elbert Hubbard, “A Little Journey to the Workshop of Henry Ford,”
Ford Times,
June 1912, pp. 243, 244.

28.
Ibid., pp. 244, 245.

29.
Elbert Hubbard, “Henry Ford,”
Fra,
Nov. 1913, pp. 33–38.

30.
Elbert Hubbard,
One of the World Makers
(East Aurora, N.Y., 1912).

31.
See “Ford's Chat with President Wilson Big Boost for Car: Popular Manufacturer Continually in Public,” Birmingham
Herald,
July 12, 1914; James Flink,
The Car Culture
(Cambridge, Mass., 1975), p. 68; “Ignorance of Ford Told by Roosevelt,” Wisconsin
News,
March 2, 1921.

32.
Gerald Stanley Lee, “The Clue to Mr. Ford,”
Everybody's Magazine,
Jan. 1916, p. 92; “Why They Love Henry,”
New Republic,
June 27, 1923, p. 111; “Have You a Case of Ford-osis?,”
Detroit Saturday Night,
Jan. 28, 1928, p. 2.

33.
Fred L. Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 174;
Motor Age,
Jan. 15, 1914, p. 16; Chicago
American,
July 2, 1934.

34.
HF, “How I Made a Success of My Business,”
System: The Magazine of Business,
Nov. 1916, pp. 448–49.

35.
HF, “Ford Asks Readers to Name His Hospital—What's Your Idea?,” Cincinnati
Post,
July 4, 1914.

36.
Charles E. Sorensen,
My Forty Years with Ford
(New York, 1956), pp. 27–28; E. G. Pipp,
The Real Henry Ford
(Detroit, 1922), pp. 39, 41; Black, “Reminiscences,” p. 158.

37.
Samuel S. Marquis,
Henry Ford: An Interpretation
(Boston, 1923), pp. 36–37.

38.
Ibid., pp. 15–18, 23–24, 9.

1.
“Henry Ford Gives $10,000,000 in 1914 Profits to Workers,” Detroit
Journal,
Jan. 5, 1914.

2.
Headlines, in Detroit
Journal,
Jan. 5, 1914; Detroit
Free Press,
Jan. 6, 1914;
Motor World,
Jan. 8, 1914; Keokuk, Iowa,
Gate City,
Jan. 6, 1914; New York
Sun,
Jan. 11, 1914; St. Louis
Post-Dispatch,
Jan. 11, 1914. Statistics on newspaper coverage appear in David L. Lewis,
The Pub
lic Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company
(Detroit, 1976), p. 71. The farm-boy cartoon appeared in the Cincinnati
Times-Star,
Jan 9, 1914.

3.
On letters to Ford, see
Ford Times,
March 1914, p. 253; Lewis,
Public Image,
p. 73. On the unruly crowd at Highland Park see, for instance, “10,000 in Line at Ford Motor Works,” Minneapolis
Journal,
Jan. 6, 1914, quoted in text; “Ford Is Pleased as Gigantic Mob After Positions Storms Factory,” Joliet
Herald,
Jan. 7, 1914; “Idle Men Riot at Ford Plant,” Chicago
Tribune,
Jan. 13, 1914.

4.
See Stephen Meyer,
The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908–1921
(Albany, N.Y., 1981), pp. 71–72. My account of the labor problem at Ford relies heavily upon Meyer's skillful, painstaking analysis.

5.
Ibid., p. 100.

6.
Ibid., pp. 79–88.

7.
Ibid., pp. 75–78.

8.
Ibid., pp. 99–108.

9.
See the front-page stories, “New Industrial Era Is Marked by Ford's Shares to Laborers,” Detroit
Free Press,
Jan. 6, 1914; and “Henry Ford Gives $10,000,000 in 1914 Profits to His Employees.”

10.
For a good account of this meeting, see Allan Nevins,
Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company
(New York, 1954), pp. 532–33.

11.
HF,
Today and Tomorrow
(Portland, Ore., 1988 [1926]), pp. 9, 158.

12.
There is a large interpretive literature on populism. See, for example, Lawrence Goodwyn,
The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America
(New York, 1978); Robert C. McGrath, Jr.,
American Populism: A Social History, 1877–1898
(New York, 1993); James Turner, “Understanding the Populists,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 67 (1980), pp. 354–73.

13.
Richard Hofstadter,
The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R.
(New York, 1959), pp. 4–5, 11–12. HF, quoted in John Reed, “Industry's Miracle Maker,”
Metropolitan Magazine,
Oct. 1916, p. 67.

14.
HF, quoted in “Ford Says Square Deal Is His Aim,” Cleveland
Leader,
April 29, 1914; and in “Ford Says Plan Is Common Sense,” Middletown
Journal,
Jan. 9, 1914.

15.
HF, quoted in Samuel S. Marquis,
Henry Ford: An Interpretation
(Boston, 1923), p. 39; and in “Ford Tells Why He Gave $10,000,000 to Workers,” Chicago
Examiner,
Jan. 12, 1914.

16.
HF, quoted in “Henry Ford, Who Made 26,000 Employees Happy,” New York
Sun,
Jan. 11, 1914; in “Ford Tells Why He Gave $10,000,000 to Workers”; and in “Ford Says Square Deal Is His Aim.”

17.
“Ford Tells Why He Gave $10,000,000 to Workers”; “Aid Man Who Sweats, Says Ford,” Detroit
Journal,
Jan. 7, 1914; “Ford Likes Birds, but Not Wall St.,” New York
Tribune,
Jan. 12, 1914.