The Pope's Last Crusade (37 page)

LaFarge, John.
The Manner Is Ordinary.
New York: Harcourt Brace, 1954.

            
.
Interracial Justice.
New York: America Press, 1937.

Larson, Erik.
In the Garden of the Beasts.
New York: Crown Books, 2011.

Lewy, Guenter.
The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany.
Cambridge: DaCapo Press, 2000.

Martin, Malachi.
The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church.
New York: The Linden Press, 1987.

Mazzenga, Maria, ed.
American Religious Responses to Kristallnacht.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

McCormick, Anne O'Hare.
The World at Home.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956.

MacDonogh, Giles.
1938: Hitler's Gamble.
New York: Basic Books, 2009.

McDonough, Peter.
Men Astutely Trained: A History of the Jesuits in the American Century.
New York: Free Press, 1992.

Michael, Robert.
A History of Catholic Anti-Semitism: The Dark Side of the Church.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

Morgan, Thomas B.
A Reporter at the Papal Court.
New York: Longman, 1937.

Padallaro, Nazareno.
Portrait of Pius XII
. London: J. M. Dent, 1956.

Painter, Borden W.
Mussolini's Rome: Rebuilding the Eternal City.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

Passelecq, Georges, and Bernard Suchecky.
The Hidden Encyclical of Pius XI.
New York: Harcourt Brace, 1997.

Phayer, Michael. “Pope Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War.”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
12, no. 2 (Fall 1998): 233–257.

            
.
The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.

Phillips, William.
Vatican Diplomacy,
private printing.

Pollard, John.
The Vatican and Italian Fascism
. London: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

            
.
Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy.
London: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Preston, Paul.
The Spanish Civil War.
New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.

Ramati, Alexander.
While the Pope Kept Silent.
London: Allen & Unwin, 1978.

Rhoden, Anthony.
The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators 1922–1945.
New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973.

Ridley, Jasper.
Mussolini, A Biography.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.

Sale, Giovanni.
Le Leggi Razzziali In Italia E Il Vaticano.
Milan: Editoriale Jaca, 2009.

Sanchez, Jose M.
Pius XII and the Holocaust. Understanding the Controversy.
Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2002.

Shirer, William L.
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960.

Shoumatoff, Nicholas, and Nina Shoumatoff.
The Alps: Europe's Mountain Heart
. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001.

Smith, Jean Edward.
FDR.
New York: Random House, 2008.

Southern, David W.
John LaFarge and the Limits of Catholic Interracialism, 1911–1963.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.

Stille, Alexander.
Benevolence and Betrayal.
New York: Penguin Books, 1991.

Szulc, Tad.
Pope John Paul II.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

Tisserant, Cardinal Eugène. “Pius XI as Librarian.”
Library Quarterly
9 (Oct. 1939): 389–403.

Walpole, Hugh.
The Roman Fountain.
New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., 1940.

Warren, Donald.
Radio Priest.
New York: Free Press, 1996.

Wick, Steve.
The Long Night: William L. Shirer and the Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Wills, Gary.
Papal Sin.
New York: Doubleday, 2000.

Wolf, Hubert.
Pope and Devil. The Vatican Archives and the Third Reich
. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2010.

Zimmerman, Joshua, ed.
The Jews in Italy Under Fascist and Nazi Rule 1922–1945.
London: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Zuccotti, Susan.
Under His Very Windows.
New Haven: Yale Nota Bene, 2002.

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Abbott, Father Walter, 222–23, 227

Action Populaire, 81

Adams, Henry, 88, 89

Adrian VI (pope), 205

America
magazine

    
Etudes
as French equivalent of, 90

    Hitler visit to Rome and, 15

    Jesuit community residence at, 2–3, 224

    Jesuit founding of, 11

    Kristallnacht condemnation in, 152

    LaFarge 1938 European trip and, 8, 11, 45–46, 131, 141

    LaFarge death and, 225

    LaFarge first assigned to, 11

    LaFarge as foreign correspondent for, 3–4, 11

    LaFarge pseudonym for, 97

    LaFarge as resident at, 2–3, 224

    LaFarge support for human rights and, 221

    LaFarge writing style for, 94

    Ledóchowski-LaFarge discussion about, 79–80

    Ledóchowski views about, 79–80

    reaction to Pius XI death in, 194

America
magazine: LaFarge articles in

    about Franco, 106

    about Munich Agreement, 131–32

    about 1938 European tour, 161–62

    about Pacelli election/coronation, 213

    about race, 161–62

American Jewish Committee, 222

America's Town Meeting on the Air
(radio broadcast): LaFarge on, 162–63

Andreotti, Giulio, 174

Angriff
newspaper, 44, 148, 161, 193

anti-Fascists, 156.
See also specific person

anti-Semitism

    Catholic Church moral responsibility concerning, 51

    Catholic Church as promoting, 93

    of Coughlin, 153–54

    divisions within Catholic Church about, 47

    Eucharistic Congress (1938) and, 47

    Jews-Communism relationship and, 78

    Mussolini and, 101, 102, 103, 109, 135–36

    Pacelli election/coronation as pope and, 211

    Pius XI–LaFarge audience about, 221

    Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical and, 59–62, 75, 91, 92–93, 99, 113, 135–36, 138, 171, 172, 214, 225–26

    Pius XI views about, 31–32, 51, 86, 91, 101, 109–10, 194, 199, 212, 221

    racism in U.S. compared with, 51, 59–62

    rise in European, 8

    types of, 92–93

    
See also
race/racism;
specific person or nation

appeasement, 103, 118, 130, 141, 166, 168, 217.
See also
Chamberlain, Neville; Munich Agreement

Aradi, Zsoldt, 180, 181

Austria

    Catholics in, 13, 33, 105

    Jews in, 9, 46, 47, 151

    Nazi invasion/occupation of, 4, 8, 9, 12–13, 35, 47, 75, 100, 143, 151

    occupation of northern Italy by, 30

Bacht, Heinrich, 94, 100, 111

Barde, Father, 96

Barry, Patrick (archbishop), 218

Bartholdi, Frédéric-Auguste, 10

Benedict XV (pope), 30, 31

Benedict XVI (pope), 230, 231

Beneš, Edvard, 42–43, 44, 45, 125–26, 130

Birmingham, Alabama: civil rights movement in, 2

bishops

    Pius XI 1937 speech about harassment of German Catholics to, 26–27

    Pius XI 1939 speech to, 174–75, 176–77, 178, 188–92, 196, 201, 230–31

blacks, 2, 10–11, 34, 48.
See also
race/racism

Boetto, Pietro (cardinal), 211

Borgongini-Duca, Francesco, 173

Botticelli, Sandro, 204

Breslin, Thomas, 226

Brown v. Board of Education,
11

Brüning, Heinrich, 211

Budapest, Hungary: Eucharistic Congress (1938) in, 45–49, 50, 147

Cabrini, Mother, 147, 149

Caccia-Dominioni, Camillo, 182, 183

Calabresi, Guido, 202

Calabresi, Massimo, 156–57, 201–2

Camus, Albert, 229

cardinals

    age limitation on voting by, 203

    Pacelli election/coronation as pope and, 195–203, 204–7, 210

    Pius XI annual Christmas greeting to, 160–61

    
See also
College of Cardinals;
specific cardinal

Carrel, Alexis, 158–59

Castel Gandolfo

    history of, 62

    Jews at, 229

    Lateran Accords and, 62–63

    renovation of, 63

    Vatican Observatory at, 64

Castelli, Jim, 226

Catholic Church

    anti-Semitism and, 47, 51, 93

    German conquest of Austria and, 13

    in Germany, 231

    Hitler support by, 13

    LaFarge views about totalitarianism and, 162–63

    Mussolini ban on Jewish-Catholic marriages and, 142–43

    Nazi and Fascist agents within, 98, 99

    Pius XI views about political role of, 214

    rejection of Judaism as religion by, 113

    role in World War II of, 216, 218–19

    Spanish Civil War and, 106

    
See also
Vatican;
specific person or topic

Catholic Student's Mission Crusade, 34

Catholic University: Kristallnacht reactions at, 152–53

Catholics

    Hitler persecution/harassment of, 8, 13, 26–27, 47, 75, 130

    Mussolini bans marriage between Jews and, 142–43

    in Nazi army, 229

    
See also
Catholic Church; Vatican;

    
specific person, nation, or topic

CBS Radio: Hurley speech on, 218–19

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 218

Cesa-Bianchi, Domenico, 156, 201–2

Chadwick, Owen, 212

Chamberlain, Neville

    Churchill criticism of, 133

    death of, 217

    Hitler and, 117–18, 127, 128, 133, 168

    LaFarge views about, 161

    Masaryk meeting with, 17

    Mussolini and, 166, 167, 168–69

    Nazi Germany invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 112, 117–18, 212

    Phillips (Caroline) views about, 166, 167

    Pius XI and, 129, 167–68

    resignation of, 217

    Rome visit of, 166–69

    Sudetenland and, 117–18

    support for, 166

    
See also
appeasement; Munich Agreement

Chardon, Heinrich, 38–39, 40–41

Charles-Roux, François, 128, 197–98, 212

Childs, Frances, 140

Church of Our Lady (Koblenz, Germany), 38–39

Churchill, Winston, 73–74, 130, 133, 176

Cianfarra, Camille, 204, 205

Ciano, Galeazzo

    anti-Semitism and, 109

    Chamberlain visit to Rome and, 167, 169

    and German invasion of Czechoslovakia, 120

    Lateran Accords and, 173, 175

    Mussolini comments about Pius XI to, 160

    Nazi-Italian relations and, 121

    Pacelli/Pius XII and, 188, 189, 196, 212–13

    Phillips (William) meeting with, 120–21

    Pius XI death/funeral and, 187–88, 193

    selection of Pius XI successor and, 196

    U.S. plans if war broke out and, 121

    Vatican-Italy relations and, 109, 110, 143

Cicognani, Amleto Giovanni (bishop), 145

Cintra, Sebastiano Leme da Silveira (cardinal), 205

Cittario, Battista, 28

civil rights, 1–2, 11, 223–24, 225.
See also specific person or event

Civil War, Spanish, 78, 90, 105–6

Civilta Cattolica
magazine, 135

code system, of LaFarge, 18, 40

College of Cardinals, 31, 58, 147, 160–61, 194, 203

Communism

    Catholic Church views about, 17–18, 31

    Coughlin views about, 153

    divisions within U.S. about, 141

    in France, 79

    German views about Pius XI death and, 193

    Hitler pledge to obliterate, 25

    Jews and, 77, 78, 93

    LaFarge views about, 17, 106

    Ledóchowski views about, 77–78, 194–95

    Pacelli-Roosevelt discussion about, 71–72

    Pacelli views about, 71, 79

    Petacci family and, 199

    Pius XI–LaFarge encyclical and, 113, 159

    Pius XI views about, 77–79, 91, 111, 113, 168, 194

    propaganda about Pius XI and, 129

    Spanish Civil War and, 105, 106

    splits among Roman Catholics about, 105

    Vatican-Italy relations and, 111

concentration camps, 40, 151, 230

Concordat, German-Vatican (1933), 25, 142, 143, 226

Confalonieri, Monsignor Carlo, 20, 34, 174, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183–84, 189–90

Congress, U.S.: reaction to Pius XI death in, 193

Copello, Santiago Luis (cardinal), 205

Coppa, Frank J., 228

Coughlin, Charles, 153–54, 163

Cross, Milton, 162, 163

crosses, crooked: analogy about, 32–33, 160–61, 219

Cushing, Richard (cardinal), 225

Czechoslovakia

    Jews in, 46

    LaFarge planned trip to, 16

    Munich Agreement and, 133