The South China Sea (46 page)

2.
David Sandler Berkowitz,
John Selden's Formative Years: Politics and Society in Early Seventeenth-Century England
(Cranbury, New Jersey, 1988).

3.
Roderich Ptak, ‘Ming Maritime Trade to Southeast Asia 1368–1567: Visions of a “System”’, in Claude Guillot, Denys Lombard and Roderich Ptak (eds),
From the Mediterranean to the China Sea
(Wiesbaden, 1998), 157–92.

4.
Roderich Ptak, ‘Portugal and China: An Anatomy of Harmonious Coexistence (Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries)’, in Laura Jarnagin,
Culture and Identity in the Luso-Asian World: Tenacities & Plasticities
(Singapore, 2012) (
Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511–2011
, vol. 2), 225–44.

5.
Léonard Blussé, ‘No Boats to China. The Dutch East India Company and the Changing Pattern of the China Sea Trade 1635–1690’,
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 30 (1996), 51–76.

6.
Ibid.

7.
Angela Schottenhammer, ‘The Sea as Barrier and Contact Zone: Maritime Space and Sea Routes in Traditional China’, in Angela Schottenhammer and Roderich Ptak (eds),
The Perception of Maritime Space in Traditional Chinese Sources
(Wiesbaden, 2006), 3–13.

8.
Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giráldez, ‘Born with a “Silver Spoon”: The Origin of World Trade in 1571’,
Journal of World History
, vol. 6 (1995), 201–21.

9.
Léonard Blussé, ‘Chinese Century. The Eighteenth Century in the China Sea Region’,
Archipel
, vol. 58 (1999), 107–29.

10.
Cornelis Koeman,
Jan Huygen van Linschoten
(Coimbra, 1984).

11.
Peter Borschberg, ‘The Seizure of the
Sta Catarina
Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics and the Origins of the Dutch–Johor Alliance (1602–
c.
1616)’,
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
, vol. 33, no. 1 (2002), 31–62; Peter Borschberg,
Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies
(Singapore, 2011); Martine Julia van Ittersum,
Profit and Principle: Hugo Grotius, Natural Rights Theories and the Rise of Dutch Power in the East Indies, 1595–1615
(Leiden, 2006).

12.
Bardo Fassbender
et al.
(eds),
The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law
(Oxford, 2012), 369.

13.
Edward Gordon, online notes for the exhibition curated by Edward Gordon and Mike Widener,
Freedom of the Seas, 1609: Grotius and the Emergence of International Law
, at Yale Law School in autumn 2009.

14.
Roderich Ptak, ‘The Sino-European Map (
Shanhai yudi quantu
) in the Encyclopaedia
Sancai Tuhui
’, in Angela Schottenhammer and Roderich Ptak (eds),
The Perception of Maritime Space in Traditional Chinese Sources
(Wiesbaden, 2006), 191–207.

15.
Léonard Blussé, ‘No Boats to China. The Dutch East India Company and the Changing Pattern of the China Sea Trade 1635–1690’,
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 30 (1996), 51–76.

16.
Hydrographic Office, The Admiralty,
The China Sea Directory
(London, 1889), vol. 2, 108.

17.
David Hancox and Victor Prescott,
Secret Hydrographic Surveys in the Spratly Islands
(London, 1999). Spanish cartographers already knew Scarborough Shoal as the Maroona Shoal and later the Bajo de Masingloc.

18.
Edyta Roszko, ‘Commemoration and the State: Memory and Legitimacy in Vietnam’,
Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
, vol. 25, no. 1 (2010), 1–28.

19.
David Hancox and Victor Prescott, ‘A Geographical Description of the Spratly Islands and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys Amongst those Islands’,
Maritime Briefings
, vol. 1, no. 6 (1995). Available at <
https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=229
>.

20.
Wang Wen Tai,
Hong mao fan ying ji li kao lue
[
To Study the Foreigners
], 1843, quoted in Han Zhen Hua, Lin Jin Zhi and Hu Feng Bin (eds),
Wo guo nan hai shi liao hui bian
[
Compilations of Historical Documents on our Nanhai Islands
], Dong fang chu ban she, 1988, 163, quoted in François-Xavier Bonnet, ‘Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal’, Irasec's Discussion Papers, no. 14 (November 2012), 13. Available at <
http://www.irasec.com
>.

21.
Ibid.

22.
James Horsburgh,
The India Directory Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Interjacent Ports of Africa and South America
, 6th edn (London, 1852), vol. 2, 346.

23.
Dennis Owen Flynn and Arturo Giráldez, ‘Cycles of Silver: Global Economic Unity through the Mid-Eighteenth Century’,
Journal of World History
, vol. 13 (2002), 391–427.

24.
David P. Chandler
et al.
,
In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History
, rev. edn (Honolulu, 1987).

25.
Carl A. Trocki,
Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885
(Singapore, 2007).

26.
Hydrographic Office, The Admiralty,
The China Sea Directory
(London, 1889), vol. 2, 103, quoted in François-Xavier Bonnet, ‘Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal’, Irasec's Discussion Papers, no. 14 (November 2012). Available at <
http://www.irasec.com
>.

27.
Eric Tagliacozzo, ‘Tropical Spaces, Frozen Frontiers: The Evolution of Border Enforcement in Nineteenth-Century Insular Southeast Asia’, in Paul H. Kratoska, Remco Raben and Henk Schulte Nordholt (eds),
Locating Southeast Asia: Geographies of Knowledge and Politics of Space
(Singapore, 2005).

28.
Edward J. M. Rhoad,
China's Republican Revolution: The Case of Kwangtung, 1895–1913
(Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1975).

29.
Straits Times
, 21 October 1907, 5.

30.
Straits Times
, 23 July 1909, 3.

31.
Straits Times
, 29 March 1909, 7.

32.
Straits Times
, 28 October 1909, 7.

33.
Straits Times
, 23 December 1910, 7.

34.
Guangdong dong tu [General map of Guangdong Province], 1866, in Wan-Ru Cao and Zheng Xihuang (eds),
An Atlas of Ancient Maps in China
(Beijing, 1997), vol. 3, no. 196; Guangdong Yudi Quantu [Atlas of Guangdong Province], 1897, in Ping Yan,
China in Ancient and Modern Maps
(London, 1998), 247.

35.
P. A. Lapicque,
A propos des Iles Paracels
(Saigon, 1929), quoted in Monique Chemillier-Gendreau,
Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands
(Leiden, 2000), 101.

36.
Guangdong yu di quan tu [New map of Guangdong Province], 1909, in François-Xavier Bonnet, ‘Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal’, Irasec's Discussion Papers, no. 14 (November 2012), 15. Available at <
http://www.irasec.com
>.

37.
William A. Callahan, ‘The Cartography of National Humiliation and the Emergence of China's Geobody’,
Public Culture
, vol. 21, no. 1 (2009), 141–73.

38.
Han Zhenhua (ed.),
A Compilation of Historical Materials on China's South China Sea Islands
(Beijing, 1988), quoted in Zou Keyuan,
Law of the Sea in East Asia: Issues and prospects
(Abingdon, 2005), 28.

39.
Han Zhenhua (ed.),
A Compilation of Historical Materials on China's South China Sea Islands
(Beijing, 1988), quoted in Zou Keyuan, ‘The Chinese Traditional Maritime Boundary Line in the South China Sea and its Legal Consequences for the Resolution of the Dispute over the Spratly Islands’,
International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law
, vol. 14, no. 1 (1999), 27–55.

40.
William Callahan, ‘Historical Legacies and Non/Traditional Security: Commemorating National Humiliation Day in China’, paper presented at Renmin University, Beijing, April 2004. Available at <
https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/china.studies/Commemorating%20National%20Humiliation%20Day%20in%20China.pdf
>.

41.
Stein Tønnesson, ‘The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline’,
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 40 (2006), 1–57.

42.
François-Xavier Bonnet, ‘Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal’, Irasec's Discussion Papers, no. 14 (November 2012), 15. Available at <
http://www.irasec.com
>.

43.
Stein Tønnesson, ‘The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline’,
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 40 (2006), 24.

44.
Wai Jiao bu nan hai zhu dao dang an hui bian
[
Compilation by the Department of Foreign Affairs of all the records concerning the islands in the South Sea
] (Taipei, 1995), vol. 1, 47–9, quoted in François-Xavier Bonnet, ‘Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal’, Irasec's Discussion Papers, no. 14 (November 2012), 15. Available at <
http://www.irasec.com
>.

45.
Zou Keyuan, ‘The Chinese Traditional Maritime Boundary Line in the South China Sea and its Legal Consequences for the Resolution of the Dispute over the Spratly Islands’,
International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law
, vol. 14, no. 1 (1999), 27–55.

46.
François-Xavier Bonnet, ‘Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal’, Irasec's Discussion Papers, no. 14 (November 2012), 18. Available at <
http://www.irasec.com
>.

47.
Li Jinming and Li Dexia, ‘The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the South China Sea: a Note’,
Ocean Development and International Law
, vol. 34 (2003), 287–95.

48.
William A. Callahan,
China: The Pessoptimist Nation
(Oxford, 2009).

49.
Wu Feng-ming, ‘On the New Geographic Perspectives and Sentiment of High Moral Character of Geographer Bai Meichu in Modern China’,
Geographical Research
, vol. 30 (2011), 2109–14.

50.
Han Zhen Hua, Lin Jin Zhi and Hu Feng Bin (eds),
Wo guo nan hai shi liao hui bian
[
Compilations of Historical Documents on our Nanhai Islands
], Dong fang chu ban she, 1988, 353, quoted in François-Xavier Bonnet, ‘Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal’, Irasec's Discussion Papers, no. 14 (November 2012), 22. Available at <
http://www.irasec.com
>.

51.
United States Pacific Fleet, Patrol Bombing Squadron 128, Action report 3 May 1945, available at <
http://www.fold3.com/image/#295881925
>. United States Pacific Fleet Commander Submarines, Philippines Sea Frontier War Diary, 11/1–30/45. Available at <
http://www.fold3.com/image/#301980047
>.

52.
A.B. Feuer,
Australian Commandos: Their Secret War Against the Japanese in World War II
(Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, 2006), Chapter 6.

53.
US Navy Patrol Bombing Squadron 117 (VPB–117), Aircraft Action Report No. 92, available at <
http://www.fold3.com/image/#302109453
>.

54.
US Navy, USS Cabrilla Report of 8th War Patrol. Available at <
http://www.fold3.com/image/#300365402
>.

55.
Quoted in Kimie Hara,
Cold War Frontiers in the Asia-Pacific: Divided Territories in the San Francisco System
(Abingdon, 2006), 146.

56.
Ibid., 147.

57.
Ulises Granados, ‘Chinese Ocean Policies Towards the South China Sea in a Transitional Period, 1946–1952’,
The China Review
, vol. 6, no. 1 (2006), 153–81, esp. 161.

58.
Yann-Huei Song and Peter Kien-hong Yu, ‘China's “historic waters” in the South China Sea: An Analysis from Taiwan, R.O.C.’,
American Asian Review
, vol. 12, no. 4 (1994), 83–101.

59.
Zou Keyuan, ‘The Chinese Traditional Maritime Boundary Line in the South China Sea and its Legal Consequences for the Resolution of the Dispute over the Spratly Islands’,
International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law
, vol. 14, no. 1 (1999), 27–55, esp. 33.

60.
Li Jinming and Li Dexia, ‘The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the South China Sea: a Note’,
Ocean Development and International Law
, vol. 34 (2003), 287–95, esp. 290.

61.
Wai Jiao bu nan hai zhu dao dang an hui bian
[
Compilation by the Department of Foreign Affairs of all the records concerning the islands in the South Sea
] (Taipei, 1995), vol. 2, 784–88, quoted in François-Xavier Bonnet, ‘Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal’, Irasec's Discussion Papers, no. 14 (November 2012), 22. Available at <
http://www.irasec.com
>.

62.
Zou Keyuan,
Law of the Sea in East Asia: Issues and Prospects
(Abingdon, 2005), 83.

63.
Euan Graham, ‘China's New Map: Just Another Dash?’,
Newsbrief of the Royal United Services Institute
, 3 September 2013. Available at <
https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/201309_NB_Graham.pdf
>.

Chapter 3: Danger and Mischief: 1946 to 1995

1.
Spencer Tucker, ‘D'Argenlieu, Georges Thierry’, in Spencer Tucker (ed.),
The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social and Military History
, 2nd edn (Santa Barbara, California, 2011).