The South China Sea (50 page)
Read The South China Sea Online
Authors: Bill Hayton
8.
Kor Kian Beng, ‘Fishing for Trouble in South China Sea’,
Straits Times
, 31 August 2012.
9.
Ibid.
10.
John McManus, ‘The Spratly Islands: A Marine Park?’,
Ambio
, vol. 23 (1994), 181–6.
11.
Daniel Coulter, ‘South China Sea Fisheries: Countdown to Calamity’,
Contemporary Southeast Asia
, vol. 17 (1996), 371–88.
12.
United Nations Environment Programme, ‘Terminal Evaluation’, Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand, 22 May 2009. Available at <
http://www.unep.org/eou/Portals/52/Reports/South%20China%20Sea%20Report.pdf
>.
13.
Rommel C. Banlaoi,
Philippines–China Security Relations: Current Issues and Emerging Concerns
(Manila, 2012).
14.
The regulations (in Chinese) are available at <
http://www.sbsm.gov.cn/article/zxbs/xzxk/fwzn/200709/20070900001890.shtml
>.
15.
Zhiguo Gao and Bing Bing Jia, ‘The Nine-Dash Line in the South China Sea: History, Status, and Implications’,
The American Journal of International Law
, vol. 107 (2013), 98–124.
16.
International Crisis Group, ‘Stirring up the South China Sea (I)’,
Asia Report
, No. 223, 23 April 2012, 14.
17.
‘China's CNOOC Starts Deepwater Drilling’,
UPI
, 10 May 2012
18.
Nayan Chanda and Tai Ming Cheung, ‘Reef Knots: China Seeks ASEAN Support for Spratly Plan’,
Far Eastern Economic Review
, August 1990, 11.
19.
State Council Information Office, ‘White Paper on China's Peaceful Development’, 6 September 2011. Available at <
http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7126562.htm
>.
20.
‘Commentary: Turn South China Sea Dispute into China–Vietnam Cooperation Bonanza’,
Xinhua
, 13 October 2013.
21.
Carl Thayer, ‘China–ASEAN Joint Development Overshadowed by South China Sea’,
The Diplomat
, 25 October 2013.
22.
‘News Analysis: “Breakthrough” Helps China, Vietnam Build Trust, Boost Cooperation’,
Xinhua
, 15 October 2013.
23.
Clive Schofield (ed.),
Maritime Energy Resources in Asia: Legal Regimes and Cooperation
, National Bureau of Asian Research Special Report, no. 37, February 2012.
24.
Hasjim Djalal,
Preventive Diplomacy in Southeast Asia: Lessons Learned
(Jakarta, 2002), 57.
25.
Hasjim Djalal and Ian Townsend-Gault, ‘Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea: Informal Diplomacy for Conflict Prevention’, in Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall (eds),
Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World
(Washington, 1999), 107–33.
26.
Hasjim Djalal,
Preventive Diplomacy in Southeast Asia: Lessons Learned
(Jakarta, 2002).
27.
Ibid., 78.
28.
‘Premier Li Keqiang's Keynote Speech at 10th China–ASEAN Expo’,
Xinhua
, 4 September 2013. Available at <
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/808525.shtml
>.
29.
Kristine Kwok, ‘China's “Maritime Silk Road” Linking Southeast Asia Faces a Rocky Birth’,
South China Morning Post
, 18 October 2013.
30.
Virginia A. Greiman, ‘Resolving the Turbulence in the South China Sea: A Pragmatic Paradigm for Joint Development’, Proceedings of the International Management Development Association Twenty Second Annual World Business Congress, 25–29 June 2013, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan.
31.
Joint Submission dated 6 May 2009 by Malaysia and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, through the UN Secretary-General, in accordance with Article 76, paragraph 8, of UNCLOS. Available at <
http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/submission_mysvnm_33_2009.htm
>.
32.
Marion Ramos, ‘Sulu Sultan Dies; Sabah Claim Lives on’,
Philippines Inquirer
, 21 October 2013. Available at <
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/510943/sulu-sultan-dies-sabah-claim-lives-on
>.
Acknowledgements and Further Reading
T
HIS BOOK HAS
attempted to describe events in several countries, across thousands of square miles of territory and through 4,500 years of history. In many places I have only been able to give the briefest sketch of events and I am profoundly grateful to all the academics, researchers and analysts who know these subjects vastly better and who have, knowingly and unknowingly, assisted my work. Many of the experts I have consulted are named in the text; however, I need to acknowledge their work properly and offer some guidance to readers who would like to take a deeper interest in the history and present of the South China Sea.
Those interested in the prehistory of the South China Sea should consult the works of: Atholl Anderson; Peter Bellwood (notably the 2004 book he edited with Ian Glover,
Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History
, RoutledgeCurzon); and Wilhelm Solheim (particularly
Archaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia: Unraveling the Nusantao
, University of the Philippines Press, 2006). For later periods of history Kenneth Hall (particularly
A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500
, Rowman & Littlefield, 2011) and the many papers by Derek Hong, Pierre-Yves Manguin, Roderich Ptak, Angela Schottenhammer, Li Tana, Nicholas Tarling and Geoff Wade will be invaluable. The best overview of South China Sea history remains Wang Gungwu's
The Nanhai Trade: The Early History of Chinese Trade in the
South China Sea
, originally published in 1958 but republished several times since; many of his more recent works on the region are equally enlightening. The books of Anthony Reid (notably the two volumes of
Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450–1680
, Yale University Press, 1988 and 1995, and
Imperial Alchemy: Nationalism and Political Identity in Southeast Asia
, Cambridge University Press, 2009) were tremendous guides and companions.
The history of Hugo Grotius and the Dutch East India Company has been rewritten by Julia van Ittersum (see her
Profit and Principle: Hugo Grotius, Natural Rights Theories and the Rise of Dutch Power in the East Indies, 1595-1615
, Brill Academic Publishers, 2006) and Peter Borschberg (
Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese, and Free Trade in the East Indies
, NUS Press, 2011). Robert Batchelor and Timothy Brook have thoroughly explored the history and context of the Selden map: Batchelor in
London, the Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689
(University of Chicago Press, 2014) and Brook in
Mr Selden's Map of China: The Spice Trade, a Lost Chart and the South China Sea
(Profile Books, 2014). On twentieth-century South China Sea history I have found the works of François-Xavier Bonnet, Ulises Granados, Zou Keyuan and Stein Tønnesson invaluable.
On contemporary events, the writings of Aileen Baviera, David Brown, John W. Garver, Christian Le Mière, Li Mingjiang, Clive Schofield, Ian Storey, Carl Thayer and Mark Valencia have been essential. On legal matters I have relied heavily on the work of Robert Beckman and Greg Austin. Chapter 6 owes great debts to the ideas of Benedict Anderson (
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
, Verso, 1991), William Callahan (particularly
China: The Pessoptimist Nation
, Oxford University Press, 2012), Andrew Chubb, Caroline Hau, Kuik Cheng-Chwee, Tuong Vu and Brantly Womack (
China and Vietnam: The Politics of Asymmetry,
Cambridge University Press, 2006). Exchanges with Patricio Abinales, Ari Dy and Benedict Kerkvliet helped me get my thoughts on Filipino nationalism in order.
On the practical side of my research I would very much like to thank the many people who have facilitated my travel and research and developed my thinking though their valuable insights. In China, Dr Wu Shicun, Dr Hong Nong, Dr Kang Lin and other members of staff at the National Institute of South China Sea Studies were wonderfully hospitable and
open. In Beijing, Yanmen Xie and Daniel Pinkston of the International Crisis Group, Andrew Chubb and academics at Peking and Tsinghua universities who do not wish to be named were generous with their time and expertise.
In the Philippines I was well looked after by Consuelo Garcia and Colin Steley. Alma Anonas-Carpio greatly assisted with fixing and translating. Victor Paz, Lace Thornberg and the staff of the Archaeology Department of the University of the Philippines opened the doors of prehistory to me. I am very grateful for the help and insights of Rommel Banlaoi, Renato Cruz de Castro and the wonderful Myrna Velasco of the
Manila Bulletin
.
Many people at the National University of Singapore provided insight and expertise, including Professor Wang Gungwu at the East Asia Institute, Hooman Peimani at the Energy Studies Institute and staff at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, notably Ian Storey, Rodolfo Severino and John Miksic. Elsewhere in Singapore I had enjoyable and valuable discussions with Yen Ling Song of Platts Energy, Pamelia Lee, Tsutomu Hidaka of NYK, Bryan Ma at IDC, Tony Regan at Tri-Zen and Mark Harris and other members and staff of SEAPEX. The International Institute for Strategic Studies allowed me to attend its Shangri-La Dialogue meeting in Singapore and Admiral Kazumine Akimoto welcomed me to an expert conference organised there by the Ocean Policy Research Foundation of Japan.
The Vietnamese Ministry of Public Security denied me a visa (they haven't forgiven me for my previous book on Vietnam) but members of the Vietnam Studies Group gave me valuable assistance. I particularly thank Balazs Szalontai, Shawn McHale, Alex Vuving and Brett Reilly. Nga Pham, Ngoc Nguyen and other members of the BBC's Vietnamese language service were also very helpful.
In Thailand, Ake Tangsupvattana and Captain Wachiraporn Wongnakornsawang of Chulalongkorn University gave generously of their time and thoughts. Lieutenant Evan Almaas and other members of the public affairs team of the United States Marine Corps helpfully facilitated my attendance at the Cobra Gold exercises.
Others who made vital contributions include Ramir Cloma, nephew of Admiral Tomas Cloma; the family of Gerald Kosh; Vlado Vivoda of Griffith University in Australia; Wendell Minnick of
Defense News
;
Shane Worrell of the
Phnom Penh Post
; Huy Duong; Kerry Brown; and Nora Luttmer. In the UK, Zhang Xiaoyang helped with translations from Chinese as did Pinnhueih Lee in Taiwan, who unlocked the newspaper archives of the Republic of China for me. Thank you all.
I enjoyed wonderful email exchanges with the former director of the Hong Kong Maritime Museum, Stephen Davies, and with François-Xavier Bonnet of IRASEC (the Research Institute on Contemporary Southeast Asia), retired US diplomat David Brown and Carl Thayer of the Australian Defence Force Academy. They and Ian Storey and Stein Tønnesson reviewed my manuscript and greatly enriched it with their comments. My sincere thanks to them. My lovely, patient editor at Yale University Press, Heather McCallum, kept me focused and, I hope, readable; grateful thanks to her.
My wife, Pamela Cox, and our children, Tess and Patrick, tolerated long absences and large piles of paper around the house with good grace and unreasonable levels of understanding. They have my deepest love.
Index
AAPP.
See
Association of Asian Parliaments for Peace
Agoncillo, Teodoro (Philippine historian)
(i)
Akbayan (Philippine political party)
(i)
,
(ii)
,
(iii)
Alatas, Ali (Indonesian foreign minister)
(i)
Amphitrite Group.
See
Paracel Islands
Anderson, Benedict (historian)
(i)
,
(ii)
Angkor Sentinel (Cambodian-US military exercises)
(i)
Anti-access.
See
A2/AD
APEC.
See
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Apostol, Ray (oil executive)
(i)
Aquino, Benigno (Philippine president)
(i)
,
(ii)
Arabs: seafarers in SCS,
(i)
,
(ii)
,
(iii)
,
(iv)
; traders
(i)
,
(ii)
Archipelagic state, legal concept of
(i)
Ardivilla, Jose Santos
(i)
Area denial.
See
A2/AD
ARF.
See
ASEAN Regional Forum
Argenlieu, Admiral Georges Thierry
(i)
Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal (Philippine president)
(i)
ASA.
See
Association of Southeast Asia
ASEAN Regional Forum: 2010 meeting in Hanoi
(i)
; 2012 meeting in Phnom Penh
(i)
; US not attending,
(i)
ASEAN.
See
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN-China Forum
(i)
ASEAN-China Summit: 2011,
(i)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(i)