The South China Sea (48 page)

21.
‘China, Philippines, Vietnam Get Seismic Data from South China Sea’,
Xinhua
, 19 November 2005.

22.
Barry Wain, ‘Manila's Bungle in the South China Sea’,
Far Eastern Economic Review
, January/February 2008.

23.
US State Department Cable 07HANOI1119, ‘Conoco Phillips and BP Concerns About Projects in the South China Sea’, 15 June 2007. Available at <
http://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07HANOI1119_a.html
>.

24.
US State Department Cable 08TOKYO544, ‘Japan Plans No Action in South China Sea Dispute’, 29 February 2008. Available at <
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08TOKYO544_a.html
>.

25.
US State Department Cable 07HANOI1599, ‘Sino-Vietnam Territorial Dispute Entangles Multiple Multinational Energy Firms’, 7 September 2007. Available at <
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07HANOI1599_a.html
>.

26.
‘Fu Ying Visits Wytch Farm Oilfield of the [sic] British Petroleum’, Chinese Embassy, London, 25 September 2007. Available at <
http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/EmbassyNews/2007/t377632.htm
>.

27.
US Embassy Cable 08 HANOI579, ‘BP Transfers Operatorship of South China Sea Blocks to Petrovietnam; Exploration Work Resumes’, 16 May 2008. Available at <
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08HANOI579_a.html
>.

28.
‘Petrovietnam Surveying Oil Block Eyed by China-BP’, Reuters, 22 July 2008.

29.
US State Department Cable 07GUANGZHOU317, ‘The Tiger Sprints Ahead: Exxonmobil First Western Oil Major to Launch Fully Integrated Joint Venture in China’, 9 March 2007. Available at <
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07GUANGZHOU317_a.html
>.

30.
Greg Torode, ‘Oil Giant Is Warned over Vietnam Deal’,
South China Morning Post
, 20 July 2008.

31.
US State Department Cable 08HANOI1241, ‘Vietnam Negotiates Deal with Gazprom, Bypasses ExxonMobil’, 6 November 2008. Available at <
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08HANOI1241_a.html
>.

32.
US State Department Cable 08HANOI897, ‘Russian Concern about Chinese Pressure on ExxonMobil’, 4 August 2008. Available at <
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2008/08/08HANOI897.html
>.

33.
Chevron Corporation,
2010 Supplement to the Annual Report
, March 2011. Available at <
http://www.chevron.com/documents/pdf/chevron2010annualreportsupplement.pdf
>.

34.
Buku Bertemu Ruas, ‘The RMN Against China Maritime Surveillance Agency’, Malaysia Flying Herald blog, 16 April 2013. Available at <
http://malaysiaflyingherald.wordpress.com/2013/04/16/buku-bertemu-ruas-the-rmn-against-china-maritime-surveillance-agency/
>.

35.
Jon Savage, ‘Oil and Gas Potential of the Area, Seismic Activities to Date and the Delays to Hydrocarbon Exploration Caused by Disputes’. Copy of presentation available at <
http://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Session–1-Jon-Savage-South-China-Sea-Conference-June–20111-pdf.pdf
>.

36.
‘Minister Reveals Spratly Islands' Oil Potential’,
Xinhua
, 5 September 1994.

37.
US Energy Information Administration, ‘South China Sea Energy Brief’, 7 February 2013. Available at <
http://www.eia.gov/countries/regions-topics.cfm?fips=scs
>.

38.
US Geological Survey, ‘Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of Southeast Asia’, Fact Sheet 2010–3015, June 2010. Available at <
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3015/pdf/FS10–3015.pdf
>.

39.
Personal interview. Singapore 4 June 2013.

40.
Japanese energy imports, 2012 figures: liquefied natural gas: 108.87m
³
/ 365 days / average LNG carrier size of 200,000 m
³
; oil: 3.65 million barrels a day / average VLCC of 2-million-barrel capacity. See <
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/04/lng-gas-japan-idUSL5N0CR3XZ20130404
>.

41.
Jian Zhang, ‘China's Energy Security: Prospects, Challenges and Opportunities’,
Working Papers by CEAP Visiting Fellows
, Brookings Institution Center for East Asia Policy Studies, no. 54, July 2011.

Chapter 6: Drums and Symbols: Nationalism

1.
I have written a fuller account of political and social life in Vietnam in my book
Vietnam: Rising Dragon
(New Haven, Connecticut, and London, 2010).

2.
David Brown, ‘State Secrets Revealed in Vietnam’,
Asia Times
, 22 December 2012.

3.
‘Police Caught Napping while Vandals Attack US Embassy’,
Philippine Daily Inquirer
, 17 April 2012.

4.
For more on US economic policy towards the Philippines, see David Joel Steinberg's
The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place
, 4th edn (Boulder, Colorado, 2000), 22.

5.
Personal Interview. Manila 23 February 2012.

6.
Benedict Anderson, ‘Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams’,
New Left Review
, 169 (May–June 1988), 3–31.

7.
Michael Cullinane,
Ilustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898–1908
(Manila, 2003), 53.

8.
Caroline Sy Hau, ‘“Patria é intereses”: Reflections on the Origins and Changing Meanings of Ilustrado’,
Philippine Studies
, vol. 59 (2011), 3–54.

9.
Lisandro E. Claudio, ‘Postcolonial Fissures and the Contingent Nation: An Antinationalist Critique of Philippine Historiography’,
Philippine Studies
, vol. 61 (2013), 45–75.

10.
‘America's Global Image Remains More Positive than China's’, PewResearch Global Attitudes Project, 18 July 2013.

11.
‘“West PH Sea” Now Official: So What?’, 12 September 2012, <
http://www.rappler.com/nation/12277-west-ph-sea-now-official-so-what
>.

12.
Personal Interview. Manila 24 February 2012.

13.
See <
http://www.forbes.com/philippines-billionaires/list/
>.

14.
Caroline S. Hau, ‘Conditions of Visibility: Resignifying the “Chinese”/“Filipino” in
Mano Po
and
Crying Ladies
’,
Philippine Studies
, vol. 53 (2005), 491–531.

15.
Caroline S. Hau, ‘Blood, Land, and Conversion: “Chinese” Mestizoness and the Politics of Belonging in Jose Angliongto's
The Sultanate
’,
Philippine Studies
, vol. 57 (2009), 3–48.

16.
Ibid.

17.
Malaysia occupied Swallow Reef in 1983; Mariveles Bank and Ardasier Reef in 1986; Investigator Shoal and Erica Reef in 1999. It has not occupied Louisa Reef which is also claimed by Brunei.

18.
‘China–Malaysia Trade to Touch US$100b’,
The Star
, 16 March 2012.

19.
Cheng-Chwee Kuik, ‘Making Sense of Malaysia's China Policy: Asymmetry, Proximity, and Elite's Domestic Authority’,
Chinese Journal of International Politics
, vol. 6 (2013), 429–67.

20.
See <
http://www.china.org.cn/china/2012-05/12/content_25367605.htm
>.

21.
<
http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/yzs/gjlb/2762/2764/t929748.shtml
>.

22.
Bill Bishop, ‘Today's China Readings May 10, 2012’,
The Sinocism China Newsletter
(website), available at <
http://sinocism.com/?p=4684
.

23.
See <
http://news.sohu.com/20120426/n341700751.shtml
> (in Chinese).

24.
David Lague, ‘Special Report: China's Military Hawks Take the Offensive’, 17 January 2013, <
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/17/us-china-hawks-idUSBRE90G00C20130117
>.

25.
Long Tao, ‘The Present is a Golden Opportunity to Use Force in the South Sea’,
Global Times
(Chinese edition), 27 September 2011. Note that the phrase was changed to, ‘Everything will be burned to the ground should a military conflict break out. Who'll suffer most when Western oil giants withdraw?’ when the republished article was republished in the English edition on 29 September 2011 as ‘Time to teach those around South China Sea a lesson’,
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/677717.shtml
.

26.
Zhang Jianfeng, ‘Luo Yuan the “Hawk”’,
Southern Weekend
, 9 April 2012. Translation at <
http://southseaconversations.wordpress.com/2012/05/03/luo-yuan-a-profile/
>.

27.
Mark Stokes and Russell Hsiao, ‘The People's Liberation Army General Political Department: Political Warfare with Chinese Characteristics’,
Project 2049 Institute Occasional Paper
, 14 October 2013. Available at <
http://project2049.net/publications.html
>.

28.
See <
http://southseaconversations.wordpress.com/2013/06/07/the-enigma-of-cefcs-chairman-ye/
>.

29.
Andrew Chubb, ‘Propaganda, Not Policy: Explaining the PLA's “Hawkish Faction” (Part One)’,
China Brief
(Jamestown Foundation), vol. 13, issue 15, 26 July 2013.

30.
<
http://www.news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-03/16/content_2705546.htm
>. Translation in Zheng Wang, ‘National Humiliation, History Education, and the Politics of Historical Memory: Patriotic Education Campaign in China’,
International Studies Quarterly
, vol. 52 (2008), 783–806.

31.
See <
http://english.cntv.cn/program/cultureexpress/20110304/106181.shtml
>.

32.
Leni Stenseth,
Nationalism and Foreign Policy: The Case of China's Nansha Rhetoric
, thesis, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo (1998), 92.

33.
David Bandurski, ‘How Should We Read China's “Discourse of Greatness”?’, 23 February 2010. Available at <
http://cmp.hku.hk/2010/02/23/4565/
>.

34.
Yuan Weishi, ‘Nationalism in a Transforming China’,
Global Asia
, vol. 2, no. 1 (2007), 21–7.

Chapter 7: Ants and Elephants: Diplomacy

1.
US Embassy, Beijing, Cable 09BEIJING3276, ‘MFA Press Briefing’, 8 December 2009. Available at <
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09BEIJING3276.html
>.

2.
US Embassy, Beijing, Cable 09BEIJING3338, ‘MFA Press Briefing’, 15 December 2009. Available at <
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09BEIJING3338.html
>.

3.
US Embassy, Phnom Penh, cable 09PHNOMPENH925_a, ‘Update On Uighur Asylum-Seekers in Cambodia’, 16 December 2009. Available at <
https://search.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09PHNOMPENH925_a.html
>.

4.
US Embassy, Phnom Penh, Cable 09PHNOMPENH954, ‘Corrected Copy – Deportation Scenario For 20 Uighur Asylum-Seekers’, 21 December 2009. Available at <
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09PHNOMPENH954.html
>.

5.
‘Two More Uyghurs Get Life Sentences’,
Radio Free Asia
, 27 January 2012. Available at <
http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/life-01272012201754.html
>.

6.
US Embassy, Beijing, Cable 09BEIJING3507, ‘PRC: Vice President Xi Jinping Strengthens Relations with Cambodia during December 20–22 Visit’, 31 December 2009. Available at <
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09BEIJING3507.html
>.

7.
‘Selected Comments during the Visit to New Bridge Prek Kadam’, Cambodian Prime Minister's Office, 14 September 2009. Available at <
http://cnv.org.kh/en/?p=1438
>.

8.
It should be said that, at the same time, the United States was dealing with its own Uyghur human rights problem 22 Uyghur men captured in Afghanistan or Pakistan had been wrongly accused of terrorism and incarcerated at Guantanamo Bay before being ‘released’ into compulsory exile.

9.
‘U.S. Suspends Some Aid to Cambodia over Uighur Case’, Reuters, 1 April 2010.

10.
See <
http://www.army.mil/article/42598/soldiers-jump-into-history-with-cambodians-during-angkor-sentinel-2010/
>.

11.
Carlyle A. Thayer, ‘The Tug of War Over Cambodia’,
USNI News
, 19 February 2013.

12.
Craig Whitlock, ‘U.S. expands counterterrorism assistance in Cambodia in spite of human rights concerns’,
Washington Post
, 15 November 2012. Available at <
http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-11-15/world/35503439_1_human-rights-asia-advocacy-director-cambodia
>.

13.
Saing Soenthrith and Paul Vrieze, ‘Hun Sen's Second Son in Meteoric Rise Through RCAF Ranks’,
Cambodia Daily
, 30 January 2012.

14.
Vong Sokheng, ‘China Steps up Military Aid’,
Phnom Penh Post
, 24 January 2013.

15.
US Embassy, Beijing, Cable 09BEIJING3507, ‘PRC: Vice President Xi Jinping Strengthens Relations with Cambodia during December 20–22 Visit’, 31 December 2009. Available at <
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09BEIJING3507.html
>.

16.
Deborah Brautigam, ‘Chinese Aid in Cambodia: How Much?’,
China in Africa: The Real Story
, 17 May 2010. Available at <
http://www.chinaafricarealstory.com/2010/05/chinese-aid-in-cambodia-how-much.html
>.