The Story of Psychology (132 page)

20.
Major source: Woodworth, 1944.

21.
Watson, 1979:408.

22.
Murray, 1988:379; Watson, 1979:409–410.

23.
Solomon Diamond, in Benjamin, 1988:265.

24.
Major biographical sources on Binet: Wolf, 1973; Hothersall, 1984; Robert Watson, 1978.

25.
Stephen Jay Gould, 1981:146, quoting Binet, 1898:294–295.

26.
Reprinted in Binet and Simon, 1980 [1916]:40.

27.
Ibid.:45–68.

28.
Ibid.:41.

29.
Ibid.:276 (adapted); for the three-year-old test: 184–195.

30.
Boring, 1950:574.

31.
Binet and Simon, 1980 [1916]:42.

32.
Ibid.:37.

33.
Ibid.:16–17, 101, 104, 257; Binet, cited in Gould, 1981:154.

34.
Goddard’s introduction to Binet and Simon, 1980 [1916]:6.

35.
Michael Sokal, in Benjamin, 1988:316.

36.
Fancher, 1987.

37.
Hothersall, 1984:308–309.

38.
Terman, 1916:xi.

39.
Goddard, 1914:571.

40.
Goddard, 1912:65–66.

41.
Goddard, 1914:561.

42.
Gould, 1981:164–168, citing Goddard, 1917.

43.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
(1935 edition): “Migration,” vol. 15:468.

44.
Terman, 1916:19–20:

45.
Terman biographical details from Hilgard, 1987:465–466, and Hothersall, 1984:267–268.

46.
Terman, 1916:51, 127.

47.
Ibid.:21.

48.
Ibid.:6–7.

49.
Gould, 1981:175, and 175n.

50.
Hothersall, 1984:323–324; Gould, 1981:194.

51.
Gould, 1981:194–195; Garrett, 1951:244.

52.
Advertisement from Terman et al., 1923, reproduced in Gould, 1981:178; 7,000,000: Hothersall, 1984:324.

53.
Gould, 1981:293; Lewontin, Rose, and Kamin, 1984:87.

54.
Hothersall, 1984:323–324; Block and Dworkin, 1876:2–3.

55.
Terman, 1916:91–92.

56.
Lippmann, quoted in Block and Dworkin, 1976:19.

57.
Gould, 1981:199–200.

58.
Ibid.:196.

59.
Hunt, 1999:94. See also Jensen, 1991:179; Snyderman and Rothman, 1998: 140–141, 250.

60.
Benson, 2003.

61.
Loehlin, 1985; Plomin and Daniels, 1987; Hilgard, 1987:484–489; Bouchard, 1986.

62.
Grigorenko, 2000; Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin and Petrill, 1997.

63.
Flynn, James, 1984, 1999.

64.
Neisser, Ulric, et al., 1996.

65.
Sternberg, 1985, 1999.

66.
Gardner, 1983, 1999.

67.
Benson, 2003.

68.
Ibid.

69.
Giles, Jim, 2006. “Scans suggest IQ scores reflect brain structure,”
Nature
440, March 30:588.

1.
Lloyd Morgan’s work, mentioned in Hothersall, 1984:291.

2.
Thorndike, 1898.

3.
Pavlov’s work described by Gregory A. Kimble in Koch and Leary, 1985:287–288.

4.
Morgan, 1909 [1894]:53.

5.
Loeb, 1900, chap. 15, excerpted in Herrnstein and Boring, 1966:468–472.

6.
Major biographical sources: Thorndike, 1936; Joncich, 1968.

7.
Thorndike, 1936:165.

8.
Thorndike, 1911:64.

9.
Ibid.:287.

10.
Major biographical sources: Babkin, 1949; Asratyan, 1953.

11.
Pavlov, 1927, lecture I, in Shipley, 1961:789.

12.
R. Watson, 1978:441; Lashley, 1929.

13.
Pavlov, 1927, lecture 1, in Shipley, 1961:789.

14.
Pavlov, 1960 [1927]:291.

15.
Yerkes and Morgulis, 1909.

16.
J. Watson,
Encyclopaedia Britannica
article on behaviorism (ca. 1928), quoted in Skinner, 1981.

17.
Coleman, 1988:104.

18.
Garrett, 1951:17. Skinner, 1981, gives a more modest appraisal of Pavlov’s influence.

19.
Major biographical sources: John B. Watson, 1961; Hannush, 1987; David Cohen, 1979; Buckley, 1989.

20.
Hannush, 1987.

21.
J. Watson, 1961:276.

22.
Ibid.

23.
J. Watson, 1913.

24.
Samelson, 1981.

25.
J. Watson, 1916.

26.
J. Watson, 1919:200–201.

27.
Ibid.:214.

28.
J. Watson and Rayner, 1920.

29.
J. Watson, 1924:104.

30.
Fancher, 1979:337.

31.
J. Watson, 1930:18.

32.
Bowers, 1973:316.

33.
Bakan, 1966.

34.
Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:316.

35.
Sigmund Koch, in Koch and Leary, 1985:931.

36.
The examples are drawn from Bugelski 1975; Hintzman, 1978; and Levine, 1975, in all of which the original sources are cited.

37.
J. Watson, 1919:14.

38.
Quoted in Kitchener, 1977:19.

39.
Ibid.:27.

40.
Hull, 1967.

41.
Boring, 1950:652. On details of Hull’s system: Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:300–301; Murray, 1988:326–327.

42.
Hull, 1943:119.

43.
Benjamin, 1988:434–435; Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:318.

44.
Gonnezano and Coleman, 1985.

45.
Hothersall, 1984:394–395.

46.
Major biographical sources: Skinner, 1967, 1976, 1979, 1983.

47.
Skinner, 1979:117; Skinner, 1953:19–21; Cohen, 1977:279.

48.
Skinner, 1967:410.

49.
Quoted in Hothersall, 1984:395.

50.
Skinner, 1972:7.

51.
The first sentence: Skinner, 1972:12–13; the rest: Skinner, 1974:115.

52.
Cohen, 1977:283.

53.
Guttman, 1977.

54.
Cohen, 1977:273.

55.
Skinner, 1979:35.

56.
Hilgard, 1987:194–199.

57.
Fancher, 1979:364.

58.
Skinner, 1953:92.

59.
E. Hunt, 1982:59, citing Hintzman, 1978, and Levine, 1975.

60.
As, for instance, according to Science Citation Index for the period May–August 1990.

61.
Hintzman, 1978:194–196.

62.
Ayllon and Azrin, 1968; Kazdin, 1978.

63.
Bachrach et al., 1965.

64.
Early years: Kinkade, 1972; status in 2006: Twin Oaks Web page, and e-mail communiqué from Twin Oaks.

65.
Skinner, 1967:408.

66.
Skinner, 1956.

67.
Hintzman, 1978:180–181; Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:315–316; Stephen Glickman, in Koch and Leary, 1985:766–768.

68.
Braginsky and Braginsky, 1974:48.

69.
Tolman, 1938.

70.
Tolman and Honzick, 1930.

71.
Tolman, 1948.

72.
Tolman, 1938; Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:303–305.

73.
Guthrie, 1935:172.

74.
Tolman, 1932:3; Tolman, 1938; “Neobehaviorism,” in Benjamin, 1988:434–436.

75.
Kuhn, 1970.

76.
Gregory Kimble, in Koch and Leary, 1985:313–314.

77.
Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:195.

78.
Ibid.:196.

79.
Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:235.

80.
Bandura, 1997:324–325, 333–337.

81.
Shull and Grimes, 2006.

1.
Major sources of biographical details on Wertheimer: Luchins, 1987; Michael Wertheimer, 1980; Luchins and Luchins, 1986; Newman, 1944.

2.
Major sources of biographical details on Köhler: Ash, 1985; Mandler and Mandler, 1968; Zuckerman and Wallach, 1987. On Koffka: Ash, 1985; Harrower, 1983; Grace Heider, 1979.

3.
Wertheimer, 1961 [1912].

4.
Ibid.

5.
Mandler and Mandler, 1968:378.

6.
“Gestalt Psychology,” in Benjamin, 1988:517.

7.
Wertheimer, 1959 [1945]: chap.2.

8.
Wertheimer, 1955b [1912].

9.
Ash, 1985.

10.
“More than half”: Murray, 1988:284, referring to the period 1922–1928.

11.
Wertheimer, 1955a [1923].

12.
Helson, 1933.

13.
Hothersall, 1984:171.

14.
Zeigarnik, 1955 [1927].

15.
Both studies: Koffka, 1963 [1935]:88–89.

16.
Koffka, 1963 [1935]:161.

17.
Adapted from Kohler, 1948 [1917], chap.5.

18.
Wertheimer, 1955c [1925] and Wertheimer 1959 [1945].

19.
Kohler, 1988 [1967].

20.
Hothersall, 1984:180.

21.
Kohler, 1925a:190.

22.
Kohler, 1925b:14.

23.
Kohler, 1957 [1917]:150.

24.
Kohler, 1925b:127.

25.
Hothersall, 1984:180–181.

26.
Ibid.:181.

27.
Alpert, 1928.

28.
Dunker, 1945 [1935]:69–70.

29.
Ibid.

30.
Ibid.:2–3.

31.
Ibid.:86–88.

32.
Kohler, 1955 [1918].

33.
Asch 1969.

34.
Boring, 1950:613.

35.
Koffka; 1963 [1935]:355–356; R. Watson, 1978:481.

36.
Koffka, 1963 [1935]:628–647.

37.
Ibid.:52, 62–66; Hilgard, 1987:427.

38.
Lashley, Chow, and Semmes, 1951; Sperry and Miner, 1955.

39.
Koffka, 1963 [1935]:542.

40.
Ibid.:557–558.

41.
Boring, 1950:610.

42.
Michael Sokal, in Benjamin, 1988:535–536.

43.
Henle, 1986:121–123; Hilgard, 1987:139–145.

44.
Feldin, Goldman-Meadow, and Gleitman, 1978.

45.
Michael Sokal, in Benjamin, 1988:539.

46.
Heidbreder, 1933.

47.
Luchins and Luchins, 1978, vol. 2:505.

48.
David Navon, cited in Rock and Palmer, 1990.

49.
Ibid.

50.
Gleitman, Fridlund, and Reisberg, 1999:319; Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:266.

51.
Murray, 1988:295; R. Watson, 1978:604–605.

52.
Koffka, 1963 [1935]:21.

53.
Boring, 1950:600. Omissions not indicated.

54.
Rock and Palmer, 1990. Omissions not indicated.

FISSION AND FUSION

1.
Heidbreder, 1933.

2.
Sanford, 1963:577.

3.
Kessen and Cahan, 1986.

4.
Gazzaniga, 2006.

1.
Historia Animalium
, bk. I, viii, 891b.

2.
McReynolds and Ludwig, 1984.

3.
Pervin, 1985:85.

4.
Cattell, 1974:65.

5.
Woodworth, 1919; Loevinger, 1987:107.

6.
Allport, 1965:424.

7.
Ibid.:436; Loevinger, 1987:107.

8.
Mischel and Peake, 1983:237.

9.
Hartshorne and May, 1928:385.

10.
Main source of biographical details: Allport, 1967.

11.
Allport, 1968:383–384.

12.
Allport, quoted in Evans, 1976:200–201.

13.
Allport and Allport, 1928.

14.
Allport, 1965:341–342, 347.

15.
Ibid.:386–387.

16.
Allport and Vernon, 1933.

17.
Lawrence A. Pervin, cited in Buss and Cantor, 1989:33; Gleitman, Fridlund, and Reisberg, 1999, ch. 16.

18.
Allport, 1965:353–355; the original source is Allport and Odbert, 1936.

19.
Caspi and Roberts, 2001, cited in Harris, 2006.

20.
Singer, 1984:148–150; Kline, 1983:26–27.

21.
Kline, 1983:27.

22.
Ibid.:28–29.

23.
Singer, 1984:154–155.

24.
American Psychologist
20:990 (1965), quoted in Singer, 1984:154.

25.
Gough, 1988a; Singer, 1984:156; Aiken, 1979:256–257; Gough, 1988b. On versions in use ca. 1993: Gough, personal communication. On ranking today: various issues of
Mental Measurements Yearbook
from 1972 on, and Gough, personal communication.

26.
Taken from Mischel, 1976:132.

27.
Kline, 1983:35; Mischel, 1981:87.

28.
Aiken, 1979:261.

29.
“Leading topic”: Hilgard, 1987:516. Pro-Rorschach: Singer, 1984:161. Anti-Rorschach: Aiken, 1976:263.

30.
Murray, 1967.

31.
Kazin, 1993; “Christiana Morgan” in
Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology
, 2nd ed., 2001.

32.
Murray et al., 1938:144–145.

33.
Ibid.:537–538.

34.
Ibid.:531, 545.

35.
McAdams and Valliant, 1982.

36.
Aiken, 1979:260.

37.
OSS, 1948:8.

38.
Kline, 1983:37, 71.

39.
Allport, 1958.

40.
Eysenck, 1970 [1953]:19.

41.
Eysenck and Rachman, 1965.

42.
Most biographical details from Cattell, 1974.

43.
Ibid.:64.

44.
Cattell, 1969 [1946]:294–299.

45.
Cattell and Stice, 1957, quoted in Singer, 1984:156.

46.
Skinner, 1953:202–203, 285.

47.
Dollard and Miller, 1950.

48.
Rotter, 1954:102–103.