The Story of Psychology (134 page)

47.
Biographical details: personal communication.

48.
The work is summarized in Morton Deutsch, 1973.

49.
M. Deutsch, 1973:183–185, 196.

50.
Ibid.:214.

51.
M. Deutsch, 1985:125.

52.
Ibid.:128.

53.
Heidi Burgess, personal communication.

54.
Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:693.

55.
Thibaut and Riecken, 1955.

56.
Doosje and Branscombe, 2003.

57.
Heider interview in R. Evans, 1980:20–21.

58.
Harvey and Weary, 1984:429.

59.
Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:90.

60.
The examples are from, or cited in, Ross, Amabile, and Steinmetz, 1977; Kelley and Michela, 1980; Valins, 1966; Harvey and Weary, 1984:439–440; and Lepper, Greene, and Nisbett, 1973.

61.
Kelley and Michela, 1980; Harvey and Weary, 1984:450–452.

62.
Aron and Aron, 1989:57–58; Aronson, 1988a:328–330; Baumeister et al., 1994; Buss, 2000.

63.
Aronson, 1988a:99, 103–111, 88–90; Petty et al., 2003.

64.
Ellen Berscheid, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. II, chap. 21; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:695–696.

65.
Petty, Ostrom, and Brock, 1981:178; Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:76, 236; and Festinger, 1957.

66.
Stephan and Stephan, 1985:354–356; Tajfel, as reported in Brown, 1985:545–547; Sherif, Harvey, et al., 1961; Carter and Rice, 1997.

67.
Stephan and Stephan, 1985:331–333; Aron and Aron, 1989:55; Stephan and Stephan, 1985:324–326; Zajonc, 2001.

68.
M. Hunt, 1990:207–208, 180–181; 217–218.

69.
Ito and Urland, 2003.

70.
Hilgard, 1987:610.

71.
Gergen, 1973.

72.
Edward Jones, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:99.

73.
Schlencker, 1974.

74.
Edward Jones, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:100.

75. Judith Rodin, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol: II, passim.

76.
Aronson, 1988a:xi.

77.
Baron, Byrne, and Branscombe, 2006:5–6.

1.
Haber, 1978.

2.
Boring, 1950:677.

3.
Ibid.:675.

4.
Pasternak et al., 2003; Rao et al., 1997; Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:106; Ramachandran, 2004:25.

5.
Standing, 1973.

6.
Farah, 1988; Kosslyn et al., 1993; Gazzaniga et al., 2002:238–239; Ramachandran, 2004:25.

7.
Gibson, 1985:227.

8.
Kosslyn and Pomerantz, 1977.

9.
Gregory, 1970:194–200, citing R. L. Gregory and J. G. Wallace, 1963.

10.
Livingstone, 1988.

11.
Glickstein, 1988.

12.
Hubel and Wiesel, 1979.

13.
Boring 1950:675–676; Ralph N. Haber, in Koch and Leary, 1985:261–262; Schneider and Tarshis, 1980:153–155.

14.
Attneave, 1962.

15.
Forgus and Melamed, 1976:32–38.

16.
Ibid.:38–45; Hilgard, 1987:113–114; Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:101–102. (The negative appraisal is mine. —M.H.)

17.
Stratton, 1897.

18.
Kohler, 1962.

19.
Stuart Anstis, in Gazzaniga and Blakemore, 1975:316.

20.
The experiments are cited in Forgus and Melamed, 1976:340, and Bruner and Krech, 1968 [1949]:3, 20.

21.
Else Frenkel-Brunswik, in Bruner and Krech, 1968 [1949]:128–129.

22.
Forgus and Melamed, 1976:342; David C. McClelland and Alvin M. Lieberman, in Bruner and Krech, 1968 [1949]:236–251.

23.
Bruner and Postman, 1949.

24.
Coren, 1972.

25.
Idea borrowed from Coren, Porac, and Ward, 1984:436.

26.
Goldstein, 1989:213–214, citing Neisser, 1967, and Treisman, 1986.

27.
Attneave, 1954.

28.
Gibson, Shurcliff, and Yonas, 1970.

29.
Coren and Girgus, 1978:182–184.

30.
Rock and Helmer, 1957; Rock and McDermott, 1964; and personal communication.

31.
Landau, 1994.

32.
Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006:188.

33.
Goldstein, 1989:38.

34.
Kanigel, 1984.

35.
Hubel and Wiesel, 1959, 1962, 1968.

36.
Hubel, 1988:69–70. Omissions not indicated.

37.
Connor, 2005.

38.
Blakemore and Cooper, 1970.

39.
Annis and Frost, 1973.

40.
Bloom, Lazerson, and Hofstadter, 1985:68–69.

41.
Goldstein, 1989:281.

42.
Zihl, von Cramon, and Mai, 1983.

43.
Schiff, 1965.

44.
Lee and Aronson, 1974.

45.
Neisser, 1967, cited in Neisser, 1976:46–47.

46.
Haber, 1978.

47.
Ralph Haber, in Koch and Leary, 1985:276.

48.
Marler and Hamilton, 1966:237.

49.
Hubel and Wiesel, 1979.

50.
Sekuler and Ganz, 1963.

51.
Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:197.

52.
Coren, Porac, and Ward, 1984:323–330; Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:197.

53.
Ibid.:329.

54.
Ibid.:198.

55.
Ralph Haber, in Koch and Leary, 1985:265–266.

56.
De Valois and De Valois; 1988:vii.

57.
Mill, 1889 [1843]:420; Helmholtz, quoted in Cutting, 1986:232; Rock, 1984:1, 17.

58.
Coren, Porac, and Ward, 1984:283–294.

59.
Ittelson, 1951.

60.
Coren, Porac, and Ward, 1984:293–300; Forgus and Melamed, 1976:288.

61.
Eleanor Gibson, 1989:258–259.

62.
Gibson and Walk, 1960; Walk and Gibson, 1961.

63.
Bennet Bertenthal and Joseph Campos, in Rovee-Collier and Lipsitt, 1990:39–45.

64.
Bernstein, 1984, and Julesz, personal communication.

65.
Julesz, 1986:1602.

66.
Julesz, 1991a:25.

67.
Julesz, 1986:1602.

68.
Admirers: Reed, 1987:90; Lombardo, 1987:xiii. Detractors: quoted in Reed, 1988:6.

69.
Biographical details: J. Gibson, 1967, and Reed, 1988.

70.
Reed, 1987:91.

71.
Reed, 1988:160–162.

72.
Gibson, 1950; Gibson, 1966; Gibson, 1968.

73.
Julesz, 1991b:332.

74.
Gazanniga et al., 2002:150–167.

75.
Bloom, Lazerson, and Hofstadter, 1985:76.

76.
Marr, 1982:27.

77.
Shepard and Metzler, 1971; Cooper and Shepard, 1984.

78.
Marr, 1982; Banks. and Krajicek, 1991.

79.
Banks and Krajicek, 1991.

80.
Unpublished autobiographical sketch.

81.
Personal communication.

82.
Rock, 1983:1.

83.
Ibid.:1–2.

84.
Ibid.:251.

85.
Ibid., chap.3.

86.
Ibid.:108–110, 176–191.

87.
Ibid.:339–341. Omissions not indicated.

88.
Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:200.

1.
The Passions of the Soul.

2.
Ethic
, part III, prop. XIII, Scholium.

3.
Darwin, 1872, cited in Plutchik, 1991b:37–38.

4.
Hilgard, 1987:343.

5.
Buck, 1988:vii; Evans, 2004:xi, in Evans and Cruse, 2004.

6.
Shaver, Wu, and Schwartz, 1992.

7.
Fehr and Russell, 1984; Evans, in Evans and Cruse, 2004:188.

8.
Plutchik, 1984.

9.
Joseph de Rivera, in Koch and Leary, 1985:364.

10.
Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:393.

11.
Buck, 1988:23–25; Frijda, 1986:475.

12.
Warden, 1931.

13.
Hull, 1943.

14.
Angier, 1991.

15.
Dalbir Bindra, in Koch and Leary, 1985:355.

16.
The toy trains: Butler, 1953. The latches: Harlow, Harlow, and Meyer, 1950.

17.
Heron, 1957.

18.
Apter, 1989; Apter, 2001.

19.
Blatz, 1925.

20.
Landis, 1926.

21.
Cannon, 1927.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Pitts, 1969.

24.
Hohmann, 1966.

25.
Ekman and Friesen, 1975; Ekman and Oster, 1979; Izard, Huebner, et al., 1980; Trotter, 1983.

26.
Ekman and Oster, 1979; Ekman, Levenson, and Friesen, 1983; Laird, 1984; Leventhal and Tomarken, 1986.

27.
Fensterheim and Baer, 1975.

28.
Gazanniga et al., 2002:545.

29.
Cannon, 1932.

30.
Cannon, 1927; Bard, 1934.

31.
Delgado, 1969.

32.
Delgado, 1966; Schneider and Tarshis, 1980:378, 383.

33.
Buck, 1988:97–99.

34.
Evans, 1989:90.

35.
Berlyne, 1978:155.

36.
Evans, 1989:90.

37.
Buck, 1988:101–102.

38.
Evans, 1989:91.

39.
Damasio, 1994:45.

40.
Buck, 1988:356; Baron, Byrne, and Kantowitz, 1980:320.

41.
Sheffield, 1966.

42.
White, 1959.

43.
Pittman and Heller, 1987.

44.
Buck, 1988:76–77.

45.
Ford, Wright, and Haythornthwaite, 1985.

46.
Piaget, 1952b:269.

47.
Robert White, 1959.

48.
Buck, 1988:9–10.

49.
Berlyne, 1954.

50.
Ibid.

51.
Thompson, 1988:127–130.

52.
Becker, 1953.

53.
Brady, Porter, et al., 1958.

54.
Jay Weiss, 1971a, 1971b.

55.
Hess and Polt, 1960; Hess, 1965.

56.
Schachter and Singer, 1962.

57.
Schachter and Gross, 1968.

58.
Dutton and Aron, 1974.

59.
Rozin and Schiller, 1980.

60.
Ford and Beach, 1951; M. Hunt, 1959; M. Hunt, 1974.

61.
Kinsey, Pomeroy, et al., 1949, 1953; M. Hunt, 1974.

62.
Geer and Fuhr, 1976:

63.
Summarized in Buck, 1988:382–385.

64.
Mischel, 1958, 1976.

65.
Hilgard, 1987:373–374, citing French, Mowrer, Lazarus, and others.

66.
Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006.

67.
Henry Gleitman, in Koch and Leary, 1985:429–434.

68.
Hilgard, 1987:376–377; Damasio, 2003:275–276.

69.
Geen, 1991.

70.
Maslow, 1970, chap. 4 and passim.

71.
Crown and Marlowe, 1964.

72.
Zajonc, 1980.

73.
Lazarus, Opton, et al., 1965.

74.
The two quotations: Lazarus, 1984; Lazarus, 1991.

75.
Lewis, Sullivan, et al., 1989.

76.
Buck, 1988:11, 398–399.

77.
Plutchik, 1985, 1990a, 1991b.

78.
Plutchik, 1985.

79.
Joseph de Rivera, in Koch and Leary, 1985:366–367; Frijda, 1986:475; Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:393.

80.
Plutchik, 1990a.

81.
Frijda, 1986:475–476.

82.
Seligman, 1991, chap.4.

83.
Woods and Stricker, 1999.

84.
Nieuwenhuyse, Offenberg, and Frida, 1987.

85.
Plutchik, 1990a; M. Hunt, 1990, chap.4.

86.
Damasio, 1994; Evans and Cruse, 2004:164–165.

87.
Gazzaniga et al., 2002:560–561.

88.
Flashed words: Zeelenberg et al., 2006. Mood-dependent memory: Eich and Macaulay, 2000.

89.
Goleman, 1995; Salovey and Grewall, 2005.

90.
E.g., Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:394–395; Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:398–401. Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006, prefer to sum up present theory by listing fourteen main points about emotions (pp. 426–427) and nine main points about motivations (pp. 378–379).

1.
Biographical data: George Miller, 1989.

2.
Gardner, 1985:36–37; Hilgard, 1987:257; Earl Hunt, 1989.

3.
Donald Norman, personal communication; Cosmides, 2006.

4.
Newell and Simon, 1972, chap.2.

5.
Biographical details from Simon, 1980, and Simon, 1991.

6.
Newell, Shaw, and Simon, 1963.

7.
Miller, quoted in Gazanniga et al., 2002:18.

8.
General Problem Solver is described in Newell and Simon, 1972:455–502. The river-crossing problem: adapted from Newell and Simon, 1972:853–854.

9.
Mandler, 1985a:10–13; Gardner, 1985:38–41.

10.
Posner and Mitchell, 1967.

11.
Posner, 1986.

12.
The Passions of the Soul
, article 62.

13.
Churchland, 1984, quoted in Flanagan, 1991:222.

14.
Grasshopper: cited in Gazzaniga and Blakemore, 1975:16. Roach and snail studies cited in, and interpreted as motivation by: Gallistel, 1980.

15.
Hebb, 1949, cited in Lieberman, 1991:30–31.

16.
Bliss and Limo, 1973.

17.
The work is reviewed in Greenough, Black, and Wallace, 1987.

18.
Alkon, 1989.

19.
McGaugh, 1990; Introini-Collison and McGaugh, 1991.

20.
Quoted in Nadel and Piatelli-Palmarini, 2003.

21.
Sperry, 1980; Kagan, 1989:194; Earl Hunt, 1989; Mandler, 1985:28–29.