The Story of Psychology (135 page)

22.
Farah, personal communication.

23.
Gazzaniga et al., 2002:129–131.

24.
Gazzaniga et al., 2002:20–21; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:103.

25.
Gazzaniga et al., 2002:114–115.

26.
On fMRI characteristics: Farah and Wolfe, 2004; Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006:58. On the annual output of reports: Mitchell, 2005:28, and Farah, personal communication.

27.
Sternberg, 2006:57.

28.
Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:102.

29.
Quoted in Gazzaniga et al., 2006:144.

30.
Farah, personal communication.

31.
John Anderson, 1980:3.

32.
McGaugh, 1987.

33.
Miller, 1956.

34.
Mandler, 1985:66.

35.
Sperling, 1960.

36.
The three-consonant experiment: Peterson and Peterson, 1959. Later replications: Gardner, 1985:122.

37.
Potter, 1982, cited in Osherson and Smith, 1990:22–23.

38.
Cited in Horn and Hinde, 1970.

39.
Loftus, 1972.

40.
Collins and Loftus, 1975.

41.
Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:259–261.

42.
Kolata and Peterson, 2001; Steblay et al., 2001.

43.
Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:276–272.

44.
Marc Bornstein, 1979:51.

45.
Berlin, 1978.

46.
Gelman and Markman, 1986.

47.
Henry Gleitman, in Koch and Leary, 1985:422.

48.
Denis and Kosslyn, 1999.

49.
Pylyshyn, 1978; Chase and Simon, 1973; Johnson-Laird, 1988:51–52.

50.
Gardner, 1985:368–369; Sternberg, 2006, chap. 8, esp.:296–297, 307–308. On the two networks, letter from Stephen Kosslyn in
Sci. Amer. MIND
, June/July 2006:4.

51.
Bartlett, 1932, cited in Gardner, 1985:114–116.

52.
Rumelhart, 1978.

53.
Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2006:263–264, 301–302.

54.
On training: Yesavage, 1985; Yesavage and Sheik, 1988. On pharmacological treatment: Crook, 1989, and personal communication.

55.
Loftus, 1980, passim, esp.:56–57.

56.
Harsch and Neisser, 1989.

57.
de Villiers and de Villiers, 1978:206; Desai et al., 2006.

58.
Frederick J. Crosson, in Koch and Leary, 1985:438.

59.
Biographical details: Cohen, 1977.

60.
Lieberman, 1991:130–131.

61.
Clark and Clark, 1977:102, 105–110.

62.
Whorf, 1956.

63.
Heider [Eleanor. Rosch], 1972; Heider and Olivier, 1972.

64.
Lieberman, 1991:144.

65.
Ibid.:148.

66.
Gardner, 1978.

67.
Damasio, 1989, 1990.

68.
Gazzaniga et al., 2002:399n.

69.
Rips, 1990.

70.
Adapted from Neisser, 1967:8.

71.
Turing, 1950.

72.
Simon: quoted by Frederick J. Crosson, in Koch and Leary, 1985:440; “other enthusiasts”: Allen Newell, in Koch and Leary, 1985:444.

73.
Simon, 1991:200–201.

74.
Ibid., caption to photo opposite p.195.

75.
Newell and Simon, 1972, passim.

76.
Keith J. Holyoak, in Osherson and Smith, 1991:122.

77.
Johnson-Laird, 1988:228–229.

78.
Ibid.:231–233; Johnson-Laird, 2001.

79.
Ibid., 1988:229–230; Johnson-Laird, 2001.

80.
Experiments cited in Rips, 1990.

81.
Russell and Jones, 1980.

82.
Cosmides, 1989; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004.

83.
Parsons and Osherson, 2001.

84.
Kahneman and Tversky, 1981.

85.
Ibid.

86.
Nisbett and Ross, 1980.

87.
Dijksterhuis, 2004.

88.
Gentner, 1988.

89.
Falkenhainer, Forbus, and Gentner, 1989.

90.
Gick and Holyoak, 1983.

91.
Earl Hunt, 1989; Gardner, 1985:97.

92.
Sternberg, 2006:424.

93.
Richard Evans, 1976:98.

94.
M. Hunt, 1982b:330–332.

95.
Jastrow, 1981.

96.
Neisser, 1976, introduction, and personal communication.

97.
Linden, 1988.

98.
Hayes-Roth, Waterman, et al., 1983:40–41, 54.

99.
John Anderson, in Linda Murray and John Richardson, 1989:93.

100.
Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:334–335.

101.
Sternberg, 2006:524–526; Neisser, 1988, 1991; Pratt, 1987, chapter 14; Johnson-Laird, 1988:353–392; Alvin Goldman, in Osherson, Kosslyn, and Hollerbach, 1990; Steven Harnad, quoted in Raley, 2006:81.

102.
Igor Aleksander, in Linda Murray and John Richardson, 1989:48.

103.
Lackner and Garrett, 1973.

104.
Rumelhart, 1989.

105.
Ibid.:135–136.

106.
Thagard, 2005, chap.7.

107.
McClelland, Rumelhart, and Hinton, in Rumelhart, McClelland, and the PDP Research Group, 1986, vol. 1:11.

108.
Rumelhart, Hinton, and McClelland, in Rumelhart, McClelland, and the PDP Research Group, 1986, vol. 1:49.

109.
James McClelland and David Rumelhart, 1981.

110.
Mary C. Potter, in Osherson and Smith, 1990:14.

111.
Crick and Koch, 1990b.

112.
Churchland and Churchland, 1990.

113.
Ramachandran and Blakeslee, 1998.

114.
Gazzaniga et al., 2002:21.

1.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Labor,
Occupational Outlook Handbook
, 2006–2007 ed.

2.
Ibid.

3.
National Institute of Mental Health, 1990:253.

4.
Olfson, et al., 2002. For in-patient episodes, National Institute of Mental Health, 1990:3. For one out of three total: ibid.

5.
Olfson, et al., 2002; National Institute of Mental Health, 1990:200; Goode, 2002.

6.
Olfson et al., 2002; Goode, 2002.

7.
National Science Foundation, Institute of Mental Health, 1990:206; National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources, Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards, 2004, table 2; and data provided directly by National Association of Social Workers, American Mental Health Counselors Association, and American Association of Pastoral Counselors.

8.
Data provided by Amer. Psychiatric Assn.; Natl. Assoc. of Social Workers; American Mental Health Counselors Assoc., and American Association for Pastoral Counselors.

9.
Natl. Assoc. of State Mental Health Program Directors Research Inst., 2002, online.

10.
Quoted in Gilgen, 1982:167–168.

11.
Ibid.:168.

12.
Torrey, 1986; Trotter, 1991.

13.
New York Times
, op-ed page, February 26, 2006.

14.
Szasz, 1961.

15.
Zilbergeld, 1986.

16.
SAMHSA, [2006], online: http://www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/features/surgeon-generalreport/chapter4/sec3_2.asp.

17.
Schachter, 1980.

18.
Goleman, 1989.

19.
Rapaport, 1989; 2006 data: Medline Plus, online: “Medical Encyclopedia: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.”

20.
Alexander and Selesnik, 1966:217.

21.
Hilgard, 1987:633.

22.
Gilgen, 1982:66–67.

23.
“Psychoanalysis,”
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 1960 edition; M. Hunt, 1957.

24.
B. Bornstein, 1949.

25.
Quoted in Reuben Fine, “Search for Love,” in Burton, 1972.

26.
Freud, “Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis” (1910), S.E., XI; Bibring, 1954; Hinsie and Campbell, 1970:608; Wallerstein, 1989.

27.
Reuben Fine, “Search for Love,” in Burton, 1972.

28.
Quoted in Hunt, 1957.

29.
Personal impressions formed over four decades. —M.H.

30.
Burton, 1972:3–22, 312–316.

31.
See, for instance, Henry, Sims, and Spray, 1973.

32.
Gabbard, 1990.

33.
Fischer: quoted in M. Hunt, 1987. APA data: APA Directory Survey, 1990.

34.
Quoted in May 21, 2002, program of Lichtenstein Creative Media (online at
[email protected]
).

35.
Ibid.

36.
Personal communication; Ms. Hunt, an eclectic in methodology, is the wife of the author of this book.

37.
Sobel, 1982.

38.
Hirschfeld and Shea, 1989.

39.
Sifneos, 1987:79–80.

40.
“Therapy FAQ by Toronto psychotherapist Beth Mares,” 2006 (online); slightly higher figures were given by Jarrett and Rush, 1986:29; and by Goldfried, Greenberg, and Mannar, 1990.

41.
Kenneth I. Howard, Northwestern University, cited in Goleman, 1988b.

42.
Bloom, 2001.

43.
On psychologists: 1990 APA Directory Survey. On clinical social workers: National Association of Social Workers, personal communication. On psychiatrists: Parloff, 1984. On eclectics: Norcross, Prochaska, and Gallagher, 1989.

44.
The Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration now has seven hundred members and publishes the
Journal of Psychotherapy Integration.

45.
M. Hunt; 1952b.

46.
M. Hunt, 1967.

47.
Wolpe, 1958:71.

48.
Coan, 1979:98, 101.

49.
Quoted in M. Hunt, 1967.

50.
Abridged from Wolpe, 1958:146–147.

51.
Wolpe, 1969:86.

52.
Morse and Watson, 1977:273.

53.
M. Hunt, 1967.

54.
Masters and Johnson, 1970.

55.
J. van Lankfeld et al., 2001; AASECT, personal communication.

56.
Kushner, 1970.

57.
Feldman and MacCulloch, cited in Korchin, 1975:345.

58.
Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders
, 2002, “Aversive Therapy.”

59.
Ibid., “Assertiveness Training”; Burke, 1989:136–139.

60.
Bandura, 1971; Bandura, 1997:93, 398.

61.
Bandura, Blanchard, and Ritter, 1969.

62.
Joseph D. Matarazzo, in Kimble and Schlesinger, 1985:244–245; S. Jordan et al., 2003;
Gale Encyclopedia
, “Token Economy System.”

63.
Enchiridion.

64.
A. Ellis, 1991b:14.

65.
Burke, 1989:336–351.

66.
A. Ellis, 1989:8.

67.
A. Ellis, 1991d.

68.
A. Ellis, 1983.

69.
Biographical details from A. Ellis, 1991d, and Warga, 1988.

70.
A. Ellis, 1991d.

71.
Warga, 1988.

72.
A. Ellis, 1975.

73.
Ibid.

74.
A. Ellis, 1982.

75.
A. Ellis, 1991b:24–26.

76.
A. Ellis, 1991c.

77.
D. Smith, 1982; Heesacker, Heppner, and Rogers, 1982.

78.
American Psychologist
, April 1986, v. 41:380.

79.
APA Convention 2002:
www.fenichel.com/behavior.shtml
.

80.
Diffily, 1991.

81.
Beck, Rush, et at., 1979, preface (unpaged).

82.
Ibid.

83.
Beck, 1976:76.

84.
Crits-Christoph, 2006.

85.
Beck, 1979:10.

86.
Beck, 1967, 1976.

87.
Beck 1979:155–156.

88.
Ibid.:217–219.

89.
D. Smith, 1982.

90.
American Psychologist
, April 1990:458.

91.
J. Beck, 2005:15–16; J. Beck, personal communication.

92.
On CT: J. Beck, personal communication; J. Beck and P. Bieling, 2006. On CBT: J. Arehart-Treichel, 2006.

93.
A. Beck, 2005:953.

94.
A. Beck, introduction to J. Beck, 2005:viii.

95.
Ibid.

96.
Parloff, personal communication; Kazdin, 1988, cited in Kazdin, 1990; Crits-Christoph, personal communication.

97.
Norcross, Prochaska, and Gallagher, 1989.

98.
Rogers, 1951:23.

99.
Rogers, 1947.

100.
Quoted in Bozarth, 1990.

101.
Gilgen, 1982:181; Burke, 1989:73.

102.
Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:528.

103.
Perls, Hefferline, and Goodman, 1951.

104.
Berne, 1964; T. Harris, 1969.

105.
International Society for Interpersonal Psychotherapy Web page.

106.
Gilgen, 1982:189.

107.
Amer. Group Psychotherapy Assoc., personal communication.

108.
Napier, 2000; Johnson, 2003.

109.
Fishman and Fishman, 2003.

110.
Amer. Assoc. for Marriage and Family Therapy Web page.

111.
Eysenck 1952.

112.
Eysenck, 1980:165.

113.
Summarized in Reisman, 1976:352.

114.
Luborsky, Singer, and Luborsky, 1975.

115.
Parloff et al., 1978.

116.
M. L. Smith, Glass, and Miller, 1980:87.

117.
Luborsky, McLellan, et al., 1985.

118.
Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:537; A. Beck, 2005:956; Crits-Christoph, personal communication;
JAMA
, June 28, 2006.

119.
Goldapple, 2004; Judith Beck, personal communication.

120.
P. Nathan and J. Gorman, 2002:643, 651.

121.
Crits-Christoph, personal communication.

1.
Hilgard, 1987:705–706.

2.
Nichols, 1997.

3.
Herrmann et al., 2006:203.

4.
Childress, 1999.

5.
Donald Norman, personal communication.

6.
APA Practice Directorate, 1991a.

7.
Niaura et al., 2002; Rodin and Salovey, 1989.

8.
Holahan et al., 1997; Kuijer et al., 2000; D. Russell and Cutrona, 1991.

9.
Yesavage and Sheikh, 1988; Herrmann et al., 2006:69; Davis et al., 2005.

10.
L. Saxe and M. Fine, 1981:14.

11.
Lazar and Darlington, 1982.

12.
Zigler and Styfco, 1994:129.

13.
Hilgard, 1987:719–721.

14.
M. Hunt, 1952a.

15.
W. Gregory and W. Burroughs, 1989:56–61.

16.
Jewell and Siegall, 1990:238–239.

17.
Tractinsky, 1997; Tractinsky et al., 2000.

18.
Norman, 2004:19.

19.
O. Newman, 1972.

20.
Giovannini, 2000; Sundstrom, Burt, and Kamp, 1980.

21.
Gladwell, 2000.

22.
Baum and Davis, 1980.

23.
Druckman and Swets, 1988; Druckman and Bjork, 1991.

24.
Druckman and Bjork, 1991:30.

25.
Druckman and Swets, 1988:70; Druckman and Bjork, 1991:204–210.

26.
Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006:29.

27.
Jewell and Siegall, 1990:239.

28.
Dave Nershi, executive director, Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.

29.
Baron et al., 2006:538.

30.
Jean B. Lapointe, quoted in K. Murphy and Saal, 1990:7.

31.
Jewell and Siegall, 1990:251, 259–260; Smither, 1988:323, 325.

32.
Baron et al., 2006:541–542

33.
Arvey et al., 1989, cited in Baron et al., 2006:541–542.

34.
Gregory and Burroughs, 1989:98, adjusted to 2006 dollar values.

35.
Ibid.

36.
Harrison Gough, personal communication (in 1992) about the Institute of Personality Assessment and Research, Berkeley, CA.

37.
Dixon, 1988.

38.
Bray, 1982; Bray and Byham, 1991.

39.
Bray, 1982.

40.
Hollenbeck, 1990; Byham, 1986; Bray and Byham, 1991.

41.
Advantage Hiring Newsletter
, January 2002 (
www.advantagehiring.com/newsletter/0102/AssessmentCenters.htm
); APA online, 2006.

42.
See any of hundreds of commercial Web pages in Google (2007) under “employee testing” and “assessment centers.”

43.
Miner, 2004–2005.

44.
Carter, 2005.

45.
Gottesman, 1981; Turkheimer and Gottesman, 1991.

46.
M. Hunt, 1971.

47.
For charges against the SAT, see Wise, 2002, and others. The rebuttal: personal communication from Caren Scoropanos, Public Affairs, of the College Board.

48.
Wigdor, 1990; see also National Research Council, 1989.

49.
Wigdor, 1990.

50.
E.g., Gottfredson, 1991, 1994.

51.
National Research Council, 1989:261.

52.
M. Hunt, 1999:95.

53.
New York Times
, op-ed page, July 2, 2006.

54.
See, for instance, University of Wisconsin news release on
www.uwsp.edu/news/ pr/scEmployeeTheft.htm
.

55.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1990:1–2.

56.
APA Science Directorate, 1991.

57.
Arnold, 1991;
Reid Bulletin
(Reid Psychological Systems, Chi., IL), Fall/Winter, 1991. On the settlement: Coyne, 2002.

58.
APS Observer
, May 1991:8.

59.
Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992:9.

60.
Packard, 1981 [1957]:1.

61.
Quoted in Packard, 1981 [1957]:25.

62.
Clark, 1988:73.

63.
Packard, 1981 [1957]:55–56.

64.
Engel, Blackwell, and Kollat, 1978:430–431; John T. Cacioppo and Richard E. Petty, in Alwitt and Mitchell, 1985; Zajonc, 1980, 2001.

65.
Gorn, 1982; Hawkins, Best, and Coney, 1983.

66.
D. Moore and J. Wesley Hutchinson, in Alwitt and Mitchell, 1985.

67.
Leventhal et al., 1965.

68.
N. Miller et al., 1976.

69.
Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:681.

70.
Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992:98–99.

71.
Ibid.:142.

72.
Kronlund and Bernstein, 2006.

73.
Trenholm, 1989:46; Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992:199.

74.
Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992:201.

75.
Ibid.:201–202

76.
“Another Look at Subliminal ‘Facts’,”
Advertising Age
, October 15, 1984:46.

77.
Münsterberg, 1908:11.

78.
“The public thinks”: Gregory and Burroughs, 1989:340. The eight-state study:
Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry
, 19 (4), 1991.

79.
Monahan, 1984.

80.
463 U.S. 880; 103 S.CT. 3383 (1983).

81.
Quinsey, 1995; Serin & Amos, 1995.

82.
L. Saxe et al., 1985.

83.
Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2006:403.

84.
L. Saxe, 1991; L. Saxe et al., 1985.

85.
Faigman et al., n.d., post-2003.

86.
Cleary, n.d., post-2002.