The Story of Psychology (133 page)

49.
Rotter, personal communication.

50.
Rotter, 1966.

51.
Rotter, personal communication; Singer, 1984:247; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:466–467.

52.
The examples are cited in Singer, 1984:247–248; Mischel, 1990:125; and Baron, Byrne, and Kantowitz, 1980:484–486.

53.
Singer, 1984:248; Baron, Byrne, and Kantowitz, 1980:486. Heider quote: Edward E. Jones, 1990b:ix.

54.
Kelly, 1955.

55.
Jones and Berglas; 1978.

56.
Seligman, 1991:19–21.

57.
Overmier and Seligman, 1967.

58.
Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale, 1978.

59.
Ibid.; Seligman, 1991:32–43, 66–67.

60.
Cited in Krebs and Blackman, 1988:701–702.

61.
Seligman, personal communication.

62.
Sutterfield, 2001; Seligman et al., 2005.;
www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/
.

63.
Terman and Miles, 1936, quoted in Garrett, 1961:192–193.

64.
Fearful: Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974, vol. 1:184–189. Nurturance: ibid.:220. Compassion: Staub, 1978a:254; Piliavin, Dovidio, et al., 1981:199–202.

65.
Aggressiveness: Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974, vol. 1:241–247; Maccoby and Jacklin, 1980; Deaux, 1985. Verbal ability: Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974, vol. 1:2–3 and chap.7. Nonverbal cues: Deaux, 1985. The recent review of brain studies: Hines, 2004:211. The thorough survey: Hines, 2004:11–13.

66.
Deaux, 1985.

67.
Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:472–474; omissions not indicated; sources omitted.

68.
Kretschmer, 1925.

69.
Hilgard, 1987:495.

70.
Sheldon and Stevens, 1942; Sheldon, Stevens, and Tucker, 1940.

71.
Gardner Lindzey, in Lindzey and Hall, 1965:348.

72.
Ibid.:348–349.

73.
McConnell, 1974:652.

74.
Berger, 1980:91–92, citing Thomas, Chess, and Birch, 1963.

75.
Chess and Thomas, 1986, appendix B.

76.
Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:50.

77.
Ibid.:51.

78.
Powledge, 1983:26;
Time
, January 12, 1987:63.

79.
Tellegen, Lykken, et al., 1988; Bouchard, Lykken, et al., 1990.

80.
Loehlin, 1986.

81.
Scarr, Webber, et al., 1981.

82.
Bouchard and McGue, 2003.

83.
Costa and McCrae, 1984.

84.
The two studies: Rosenman, et al., 1975; Haynes, Feinleib, et al., 1980. Later studies: Carson, 1989.

85.
Peterson, Seligman, and Vailliant, 1988; Seligman, 1991; Seligman et al., 2005;
www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/
.

86.
Eysenck, 1989.

87.
Digman, 1990; McCrae, 1989; Costa et al., 1991.

88.
Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:439–440.

89.
Mischel, 1990:131.

90.
Roberts et al., 2006.

1.
Sources of the following vignettes: Greenough, Black, and Wallace, 1987:549; Kisilievsky et al., 2003; Colombo and Richman, 2002; Hunt, 1982b:197, from personal observation; Piaget, 1948:13; Hunt, 1990:50, based on videotape seen at NIMH and on Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, and King, 1979:321; Osherson and Markman, 1974–1975; Rest, 1986:22–23.

2.
White, 1983.

3.
Gelman, 1978:327.

4.
The Organisation of Thought
, quoted in Merton, 1968:1.

5.
Skinner, 1953:59, 156.

6.
In
British Journal of Psychology
, May 1982:1.

7.
Kagan, 1989:91.

8.
Ibid.

9.
Major sources of biographical material: Piaget, 1952a; Evans, 1973; Ginsburg and Opper, 1969; Cohen, 1983.

10.
Piaget, 1952b:42–43, 407–419.

11.
Piaget, 1969.

12.
The details: Flavell, 1963; Ginsburg and Opper, 1969; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979; and Cohen, 1983. All give references to Piaget’s own writings (which are relatively inaccessible due to his special terminology).

13.
Piaget, 1952b:337–338.

14.
Piaget, 1951, quoted in Berger, 1980:54.

15.
Quoted in Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:173.

16.
Ginsburg and Opper, 1969:90.

17.
Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:176.

18.
Piaget, 1958:70–71.

19.
Piaget and Inhelder, 1969:132.

20.
Kagan, 1989:193–194.

21.
Papousek, 1959.

22.
Sullivan, Rowe-Collier, and Tynes, 1979.

23.
Kagan, 1989:189.

24.
Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:351–352.

25.
Eleanor Gibson, 1988.

26.
Kagan, 1989:229–30.

27.
Ginsburg and Opper, 1969:85, 171–172.

28.
Bruner, 1964.

29.
Kuenne, 1946.

30.
Gagne and Smith, 1964.

31.
Clark and E. Clark, 1977:266.

32.
Moskowitz, 1978.

33.
Bickerton, 1998.

34.
Cohen, 1983:100–101.

35.
Gelman, 1978.

36.
On theory of mind: Somerville and Woodword, 2005; Gergely and Csiba, 2003; Baldwin and Baird, 2001. The fMRI-based study: R. Saxe and Powell, 2006.

37.
Morton Hunt, 1982:180–182, citing work of Merry Bullock and Rochel Gelman.

38.
Rogoff, 2003; Lourenço and Machado, 1996.

39.
Fish, 2000.

40.
Serpell, 2000; Rogoff, 1990.

41.
Schlitz, 1997.

42.
Various sources cited by Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:259–260, 305, 306, 329–330, 336, 460.

43.
Farah et al. (in press).

44.
Snibbe, 2003.

45.
Buss, 2004:xix.

46.
Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:18.

47.
Ibid.:19, citing Brown, 1991.

48.
Buss, 2004:47.

49.
Ibid.:59.

50.
Ohman, Flykt, and Esteves, 2001.

51.
Buss, 2004:93.

52.
Ibid., xix, 373.

53.
Pinker, 2002:135.

54.
de Villiers and de Villiers, 1978:90.

55.
McGraw, 1935

56.
“Science and the Citizen: Growing Up,”
Scientific American
, July 1987:30–32.

57.
Dennis, 1935; Dennis, 1938.

58.
Lorenz, 1937.

59.
Hess, 1959.

60.
Macfarlane, 1977; Kennell, Jerauld, et al., 1974.

61.
Fantz, 1961.

62.
Haaf, 1977; Aslin and Smith, 1988; Clarke-Stewart, Friedman, and Koch, 1985.

63.
Nyengaard et al., 2001.

64.
Siegler, 1989c:358–359; Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2005:436–437.

65.
Greenough et al., 1987

66.
Bowlby, 1980, cited in Kagan, 1989:80; Bretherton, 1985:4; Peter Evans, 1977.

67.
Gewirtz, 1965.

68.
Bretherton, 1985:15; Ainsworth, Blehar, et al., 1978; Kagan, 1984:44; Sroufe and Cooper, 1988:221–223.

69.
Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:222; Kagan, 1984:44–45.

70.
Kagan, 1984:60–61.

71.
Ibid.:61.

72.
Lewis, Feiring, et al., 1984

73.
Lewis, et al., 1989; Izard, Huebner, et al., 1980; Hyson and Izard, 1985.

74.
Morton Hunt, 1990:49–50; Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, and King, 1979. Brain scans: Decety and Jackson, 2006.

75.
Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:302.

76.
Lewis, et al., 1989b.

77.
Staub, 1979; Martin Hoffinan, 1971b.

78.
Gray and Steinberg, 1999; Maccoby and Martin, 1983; Maccoby, 1980; Shaffer, 1985.

79.
Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:206–211; Hetherington and Morris, 1978; Bryan and Walbeck, 1970.

80.
Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:114–115; Parke, 1990.

81.
Bowers, 1973; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:227–228.

82.
Mueller and Lucas, 1975.

83.
Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:385.

84.
Berger, 1980:343–344.

85.
Collins and Gunnar, 1990.

86.
Darley and Shultz, 1990.

87.
Lewis, et al., 1989a.

88.
Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:385–387; Connolly and Doyle, 1984.

89.
Broughton, 1978.

90.
Sroufe, Cooper, and Marshall, 1988:467; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:305; Berndt, 1979.

91.
Anne Peterson, 1988.

92.
Kling et al., 1999.

93.
Morton Hunt, 1990, passim.

94.
Four-stage: Hoffman, 1982. Five-stage: Eisenberg, 1986:135–145. Six-stage: Krebs and Van Hesteren, 1994.

95.
Piaget, 1948 [1932]; Ginsburg and Opper, 1969:99–109.

96.
Main biographical sources:
Who Was Who in America;
“Memorial Minute,”
Harvard Gazette
, December 15, 1989;
Boston Herald
, January 30, 1987;
Boston Globe
, April 8, 1987; and memorabilia contributed by Mrs. Lucille Kohlberg.

97.
Kohlberg, 1984:640–641.

98.
Ibid.:624–639; Kohlberg, 1969:379. The typical responses are adapted from Rest, 1968, in Kohlberg, 1984:49–55.

99.
Kurtines and Gewirtz, 1984; David Cohen, 1983:125; Krebs, Denton, and Higgins, 1988.

100.
Gilligan, 1977.

101.
Gielen, 1996:313; Lind, 2003.

102.
Denton and Krebs, 1990.

103.
Krebs, in submission.

104.
Main biographical sources: Snarey, 1987; Hilgard, 1987; Goleman, 1988a.

105.
Adapted from Erikson, 1950:247–274.

106.
Baltes, Reese, and Lipsitt, 1980.

107.
Gazanniga and Heatherton, 2005, chap. 11; Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004, chap.12.

108.
Peterson, 1988.

109.
Silbereisen and Noack, 1988.

110.
Offer and Schonert-Reichl, 1992.

111.
“Thrive or muddle through”: sociologist Michael Farrell and social psychologist
Stanley Rosenberg, cited in Rosenfeld and Stark, 1987; “can adapt sufficiently”: Baltes, Reese, and Lipsitt, 1980; Mussen, Conger, et al., 1979:419; “do cope”: Rowe and Kahn, 1998.

112.
The reanalysis: Havighurst et al., 1968; the Duke Longitudinal Study reports: Morton Hunt, 1985:70–71; Baltes et al., 1992; Freund and Baltes, 1998.

1.
The first definition: K. Shaver, 1987:2. The second one: Gerrig and Zimbardo, 2005:541.

2.
Brown, 1965:xx.

3.
Asch, 1951, 1955.

4.
Luce and Raiffa, 1957:95; M. Deutsch, 1985:121–124.

5.
Freedman and Fraser, 1966, Guadagno et al., 2001.

6.
Rosenhan, 1973; Slater, 2004; Jaffe, 2006.

7.
Latané, Williams, and Harkins, 1979; recent studies: Kosslyn and Rosenberg, 2004:711.

8.
Quoted in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:3, unchanged from the 1954 edition.

9.
Quoted in Lindzey and Aronson, 1968, vol. I:2–5.

10.
Triplett, 1897.

11.
Sherif, 1935, 1936.

12.
Aarts and Dijksterhuis, 2003.

13.
Marrow, 1969:ix.

14.
Main sources of biographical details: Marrow, 1969; Allport, 1968, chap. 19; Hothersall, 1984.

15.
M. Deutsch, 1968.

16.
Lewin, Lippitt, and White, 1939.

17.
Leon Festinger, in Festinger, 1980:238–239.

18.
Edward Jones, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985:57.

19.
Biographical details: Leon Festinger, in Festinger, 1980; Aron and Aron, 1989; D. Cohen, 1977.

20.
Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter, 1964 [1956]:3.

21.
Leon Festinger, “A Personal Memory,” in Grunberg, Nisbett, et al., 1987:5.

22.
Ibid.:6.

23.
Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959.

24.
Aron and Aron, 1989:127.

25.
Cohen, 1977:138.

26.
Aron and Aron, 1989:117.

27.
The examples are from Aronson, 1988a:153; Aronson, in Festinger, 1980:21; and Aronson, 1988a:122–124, 159. The Santa Cruz episode: Pratkanis and Aronson, 1992:35–36.

28.
Lewicki, 1982.

28.
Baumrind, 1977; M. Hunt, 1982a; Edward Jones, in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985:97.

30.
Details are from Zimbardo, Haney, et al., 1974.

31.
Schloendorff
v.
The Society of the New York Hospital
, 1914. (The decision was written by Justice Benjamin Cardozo.)

32.
Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, et al., 1950.

33.
The details that follow are from Milgram, 1963, 1965, and 1974.

34.
Milgram, 1963.

35.
Brown, 1985:6.

36.
The following account of their teaming up is from M. Hunt, 1985:132–134.

37.
Personal communication, in M. Hunt, 1985:133.

38.
Darley and Latané, 1968.

39.
Latané, in Grunberg, Nisbett, et al., 1987:79.

40.
Latané and Nida, 1981.

41.
Aronson, 1988a:383.

42.
“Code of Federal Regulations,”
Federal Register
46:16 (January 26, 1981):8389–8390.

43.
Ortmann and Hertwig, 1998.

44.
“The Laboratory Experiment,” in Lindzey and Aronson, 1985, vol. I:443.

45.
Quoted in Aron and Aron, 1989:93.

46.
Aronson and Linder, 1965.