Why Government Fails So Often: And How It Can Do Better (78 page)

46
. Peter H. Schuck, “Mass Torts: An Institutional Evolutionist Perspective,”
Cornell Law Review
80 (1995): 941–989.

47
. For some examples, see Peter W. Huber & Robert E. Litan, eds.,
The Liability Maze
(1991); and Timothy D. Lytton, ed.,
Suing the Gun Industry: A Battle at the Crossroads of Gun Control and Mass Torts
(2005).

48
. Samuel Issacharoff, “Class Actions and State Authority,”
Loyola University Chicago Law
Review
44 (2013): 369–90. For a critique of antifraud security class actions, see William W. Bratton & Michael L. Wachter, “Reforming Securities Law Enforcement: Politics and Money at the Public/Private Divide,” in Coglianese,
Regulatory Breakdown
, chap. 10.

49
. Theodore W. Ruger, “Failure by Obsolescence: Regulatory Challenges for the FDA in the Twenty-First Century,” in Coglianese,
Regulatory Breakdown
, chap. 12.

50
. Ian Lovett, “Critics Say California Law Hurts Effort to Add Jobs,”
New York Times
, September 4, 2012.

51
. E. Allan Lind, Robert J. MacCoun, Patricia A. Ebener, William L. F. Felstiner, Deborah R. Hensler, Judith Rensnik, & Tom R. Tyler,
The Perception of Justice
(1989).

52
. See, generally, Robert Kagan,
Adversarial Legalism: The American Way of Law
(2001).

53
. Ross Sandler & David Schoenbrod,
Democracy by Decree: What Happens When Courts Run Government
(2002). If the lawyers do in fact take the program to court, officials can count on certain doctrinal and other litigation advantages. See, generally, Peter H. Schuck,
Suing Government: Citizen Remedies for Official Wrongs
(1983).

54
. See, e.g., Jim Carlton & Max Taves, “For Now, Bullet Train May Go Nowhere,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 9, 2012.

55
. For examples and elaboration, see the sources cited in Peter H. Schuck,
The Limits of Law: Essays on Democratic Governance
(2000), 472n180.

56
. William J. Stuntz, “Race, Class, and Drugs,”
Columbia Law Review
98 (1998): 1826.

57
. Cass Sunstein, ““On the Expressive Function of Law,”
University of Pennsylvania Law Review
144 (1996): 2029–33.

58
. Stephanie M. Stern, “The Dark Side of Town: The Social Capital Revolution in Residential Property” (unpublished manuscript, 2012).

CHAPTER 10: THE BUREAUCRACY

1
. Max Weber,
The Theory of Social and Economic Organization
, trans. A. M. Henderson & Talcott Parsons (2012).

2
. James Q. Wilson,
Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It
(1989).

3
. Donald F. Kettl, “Bureaucracy,” in Peter H. Schuck and John Q. Wilson, eds.,
Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation
(2008), chap. 2.

4
. This section borrows heavily, sometimes verbatim, from James Q. Wilson & John J. Dilulio Jr.,
The Essentials of American Government: Institutions and Policies
, 12th ed. (2011), 406–11.

5
. Kettl, “Bureaucracy,” 39.

6
. Wilson & Dilulio,
The Essentials of American Government
, 407.

7
. Kettl, “Bureaucracy,” 43–45.

8
. Marshall W. Meyer, “The Growth of Public and Private Bureaucracies,”
Theory & Society
16 (1987): 215–35.

9
. Paul C. Light,
A Government Ill-Executed: The Decline of the Federal Service and How to Reverse It
(2008).

10
. Nelson W. Polsby, “The Political System,” in Peter H. Schuck & James Q. Wilson, eds.,
Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation
(2008), 11.

11
. Joseph Pratt Harris,
Congressional Control of Administration
(1980).

12
. Kettl, “Bureaucracy,”, 41–43.

13
. Polsby, The Political System,”, 7–11.

14
. See, e.g., Curtis P. McLaughlin & Craig D. McLauglin,
Health Policy Analysis: An Interdisciplinary Approach
(2008), 245–46.

15
. Herbert Kaufman,
Red Tape: Its Origins, Uses, and Abuses
(1977).

16
. Eugene Bardach & Robert A. Kagan,
Going By the Book: The Problem of Regulatory Unreasonableness
, 2nd ed. (2007).

17
.
Paul C. Light, quoted in Peter Baker, “Obama Team Has Billions to Spend, but Few Ready to Do It,”
New York Times
, February 18, 2009.

18
. Light,
A Government Ill-Executed
, 96–99.

19
. Peter Finn & Sari Horwitz, “Obama Move Signals a Bid to Bolster ATF,”
Washington Post
, January 17, 2013.

20
. Jeremy W. Peters, “In Senate, Arm-Twisting and Vote-Changing Lead to a Confirmation,”
New York Times
, August 1, 2013.

21
. Binyamin Appelbaum, “Senate Backs a Director for Financial Watchdog,”
New York Times
, July 17, 2013.

22
.
Canning v. NLRB
, 705 F.3d 490 (D.C. Cir. 2013).

23
. Jared A. Favole, “Inspector General Vacancies Criticized,”
Wall Street Journal
, June 20, 2013.

24
. Hugh Heclo,
A Government of Strangers: Executive Politics in Washington
(1977), 237.

25
. Matthew Dull & Patrick S. Roberts, “Continuity, Competence, and the Succession of Senate-Confirmed Agency Appointees, 1989–2009,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
39 (2009): 432–53.

26
. Ibid., 436–37.

27
. Anne Joseph O’Connell, “Qualifications: Law and Practice of Selecting Agency Leaders” (unpublished manuscript, 2013).

28
. Kettl, “Bureaucracy,” 45.

29
. Paul C. Light, “Perp Walks and the Broken Bureaucracy,”
Wall Street Journal
, April 27, 2012.

30
. Light,
A Government Ill-Executed
, 58, 73; Kettl, “Bureaucracy,” 53.

31
. Light,
A Government Ill-Executed
, 57, 72.

32
. Ibid., 58–65.

33
. Ibid., 56.

34
. Ibid., 67; emphasis added.

35
. Marty Linsky, private communication with the author, March 1, 2013. The Koop example is discussed in Holcomb B. Noble, “C. Everett Koop, Forceful U.S. Surgeon General, Dies at 96,”
New York Times
, February 25, 2013.

36
. Robert Pear, “Official at Health Site Says He Didn’t Know of Potential Risk,”
New York Times
, November 11, 2013.

37
. Light,
A Government Ill-Executed
, 67, 70.

38
. Ibid., 75–76, 197–99.

39
. Andrew G. Biggs & Jason Richwine, “The Truth about Federal Salary Numbers,”
Washington Post
, November 18, 2012.

40
. Andrew G. Biggs & Jason Richwine, “For Federal Workers, the Grass Isn’t Greener in the Private Sector,” December 11, 2012,
http://www.aei.org/article/economics/for-federal-workers-the-grass-isnt-greener-in-the-private-sector/#.UMfwPw50Y7s.email
.

41
. Andrew G. Biggs & Jason Richwine, “The Underworked Public Employee,” December 6, 2012,
http://www.aei.org/article/economics/the-underworked-public-employee/#.UMf1xHeyc3g.email
.

42
. John Donahue,
The Warping of American Government Work
(2008), 38–50.

43
. Ibid., 81.

44
. Andrew G. Biggs, “We’re No. 1—in Public Employee Pay,”
http://www.aei.org/article/economics/were-no-1-in-public-employee-pay/?utm_source=today&utm_medium=paramount&utm_campaign=081313
.

45
. Light,
A Government Ill-Executed
, 139.

46
. Ibid., 139–58.

47
. Beryl A. Radin,
Federal Management Reform in a World of Contradictions
(2012), 148–64; Christopher Pollitt, “Performance Management in Practice: A Comparative
Study of Executive Agencies,”
Journal of Public Administrative Research & Theory
16 (2006): 25–44.

48
. Light,
A Government Ill-Executed
, 110–20, 139, 143.

49
. Ralph Smith, “Can a Fed Be Fired for Poor Performance?”
http://www.fedsmith.com/2003/07/29/can-fed-be-fired-poor-performance/
.

50
. Dennis Cauchon, “Some Federal Workers More Likely to Die Than Lose Jobs,”
USA Today
, July 19, 2011 (citing former research head of MSPB).

51
. Light,
A Government Ill-Executed
, 115, 124. The former group perceived less poor employee performance.

52
. Donahue,
The Warping of American Government Work
, 153 (citing study).

53
. Ibid., 154–55.

54
. Kettl, “Bureaucracy.”

55
. Ibid., 194–203.

56
. Tim Shorrock, “Put the Spies Back under One Roof,”
New York Times
, June 18, 2013.

57
. Donahue,
The Warping of American Government Work
, 113; Kettl, “Bureaucracy,” 54–56; Steven Kelman,
Procurement and Public Management: The Fear of Discretion and the Quality of Government Performance
(1990).

58
. Radin,
Federal Management Reform
, 57–75; Shorrock, “Put the Spies Back under One Roof.”

59
. Light,
A Government Ill-Executed
, 210, 236. See also Jody Freeman & Martha Minow, eds.,
Government by Contract: Outsourcing and American Democracy
(2009).

60
. Donahue,
The Warping of American Government Work
, 5–6.

61
. Ibid., chap. 4.

62
. James Madison, “Federalist No. 70,” quoted in Light,
A Government Ill-Executed
.

CHAPTER 11: POLICY SUCCESSES

1
. See, e.g., Peter H. Schuck & James Q. Wilson, “Looking Back,” in Schuck & Wilson, eds.,
Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation
(2008), chap. 21.

2
. Adam Goodheart & Peter Manseau, “American History Hits the Campaign trail,”
New York Times
, July 8, 2012.

3
. Richard E. Neustadt & Harvey V. Fineberg,
The Swine Flu Affair: Decision-Making on a Slippery Disease
(1978).

4
. Sabrina Tavernise, “Vaccine Is Credited in Fall of Teenagers’ Infection Rate,”
New York Times
, June 20, 2013.

5
. Mariano-Florentino Cuellar, “Coalitions, Autonomy, and Regulatory Bargains in Public Health Law,”
Theoretical Inquiries in Law
15 (forthcoming, 2014).

6
. L. Gordon Crovitz, “Who Really Invented the Internet?”
Wall Street Journal
, July 23, 2012 (reviewing Michael Hiltzik,
Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age
[2000]).

7
. See, e.g., Orlando Patterson, “Black Americans,” in Schuck & Wilson, eds.,
Understanding America
, 387–88.

8
. Thomas Sowell,
Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality?
(1985).

9
. Gerald N. Rosenberg,
The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change?
(1991)

10
. Peter H. Schuck,
Diversity in America: Keeping the Government at a Safe Distance
(2003), chap. 5; Peter H. Schuck, “Affirmative Action after
Fisher v. University of Texas
,” unpublished ms., November 2013.

11
. June E. O’Neill & Dave M. O’Neill,
The Declining Importance of Race and Gender in the Labor Market: The Role of Employment Discrimination Policies
(2012).

12
. Claudia Goldin & Lawrence Katz,
The Most Egalitarian of All Professions: Pharmacy
and the Evolution of a Family-Friendly Occupation
, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 18410 (2012).

13
. Nicholas Bagley, “Bedside Bureaucrats: Why Medicare Reform Hasn’t Worked,”
Georgetown Law Journal
101 (2013): 527–32.