1938 (51 page)

99
including Friedmann, Ehrlich, and Stricker from the IKG:
Ehrlich was kicked to death by a capo in Dachau; Stricker and Friedmann were killed in Auschwitz in 1944.

100
(he hanged himself in the camp):
Moser,
Juden Verfolgung
, 6.

100
Pictures of their “healthy” life:
Neugebauer in Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 20.

100
Others dispute this:
Benedikt Kautsky,
Teufel und Verdamte: Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse aus sieben Jahren in deutschen Konzentrationslagern
(Zurich, 1946), 193.

100
he wrote the camp song:
“
O Buchenwald, Ich kann Dich nicht vergessen, weil Du mein Schicksal bist. Wer Dich verliess, der kann es erst ermessen, / wie wundervoll die Freiheit ist!
” (O Buchenwald, how can I forget you? / As you have been my lot.
Whoever leaves you will know at once how true
That freedom hits the spot.)

100
Löhner-Beda was beaten to death in Auschwitz:
If that was not bad enough, after Löhner-Beda left for Dachau, his wife was pestered remorselessly for the details of his fortune. Walzer and Templ,
Unser Wien
, 29–30.

100
He had betrayed:
Neugebauer in Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 20.

100
“You know that from now on:
Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 96.

101
“Herr Reichsführer, I would:
Neugebauer in Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 24.

101
“There was one thing:
Gedye,
Fallen Bastions
, 169.

101
The Communists were often left:
Wolfgang Neugebauer, “Der NS-Terrorapparat,” in Talos et al.,
NS-Herrschaft
, 725.

102
There had been eighty:
Catchpool Papers, to W. Arnold Foster, January 1, 1938.

102
Of course this did not include:
Catchpool Papers, to Dr. Margery Fry, February 7, 1938.

102
In the course of 1938:
Kautsky,
Teufel und Verdamte
, 27.

102
The SS needed labor:
Burleigh,
Third Reich
, 375–376.

103
Beck’s family soon came:
Gad Beck with Frank Heibert,
An Underground Life: Memoirs of a Gay Jew in Nazi Berlin
, trans. Allison Brown (Madison, 1999), 132.

103
the cultural historian Peter Gay:
“Gay” is the translation of the German word
Fröhlich
, but as the writer is quick to point out, “merriness” was the sole meaning current at the time he adopted it.

103
With a little flourish of Prussian:
Peter Gay,
My German Question: Growing Up in Nazi Berlin
(New Haven, 1998), 120–121.

104
“Kosher snack”:
Der Stürmer
13, April 1938.

104
Others crossed the border:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 56–57.

104
The quickest method:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 59.

105
A particular sticking point:
Liebmann,
Innitzer
, 136, 139.

105
The Roman declaration:
Liebmann,
Innitzer
, 142.

105
Hitler and his propaganda minister:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 254–256.

105
Hitler and Goebbels had also:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 258.

105
The plebiscite had been marginally:
Botz,
Nationalsozialismus
, 236.

106
the dreaded “Piefke” or Prussian:
In practice, the Piefke is rarely a Prussian but generally just a German from north of the river Main. Even Catholic South Germans are occasionally branded with the name, although Bavarians are thought to be honorary Austrians.

106
“I can now prove that:
Friedrich Percyval Reck-Malleczewen,
Diary of a Man in Despair
, trans. Paul Rubens (London, 2000), 76.

106
“Half an hour after:
Ernst Wiechert,
Der Totenwald
(Erlangen, 1946), 23.

106
Sproll’s eviction established:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 280; Jill Stephenson,
Hitler’s Home Front: Württemberg under the Nazis
(London, 2006), 60–61.

107
“These Berlin potato-faces fill:
Reck-Malleczewen,
Diary
, 67.

107
He acquired the country place:
Lillie,
Was einmal war
, 292.

107
The former owner, von Remnitz:
John Weitz,
Hitler’s Diplomat: Joachim von Ribbentrop
(London, 1992), 152.

107
Any person (not just Jews):
BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24, Weisl to Waldman, June 2, 1938.

107
It is a measure of the success:
Hilberg,
Destruction
, 1:133.

107
Smuggling was rife:
London,
Whitehall and the Jews
, 80–81.

107
The Nazis had coined:
Walzer and Templ,
Unser Wien
, 11.

108
He announced that he was also:
Communication from Hans Schneider, September 11, 2003.

108
Some companies were robbed:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 65.

108
There was no recourse:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 66

108
The dismissal of the Jewish textile workers:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 30.

109
If one of these had 25 percent:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 128.

109
The Hungarians complained:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 130–131.

109
Two weeks before:
Klemperer,
Tagebücher
, 401.

109
Some of the designs:
Peter Adam,
The Arts of the Third Reich
(London, 1992), 263.

109
The Third Reich also celebrated:
Geissmar,
The Baton and the Jackboot
, 331; Klepper,
Tagebücher
, 583;
Stürmer
16, April 1938.

110
After the festivities:
Keitel,
Mein Leben
, 222.

110
he had given the ambassador, Mastny, his word:
Not that it always counted for much. He told the blackmailer Otto Schmidt no harm would come to him, then authorized his execution. He could, on the other hand, be induced to save a well-heeled Jew and even found a job for Schuschnigg’s brother Arthur.

110
On April 28 Goebbels noted:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 276.

110
Goebbels wrote, “access forbidden:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 269–270.

111
“It won’t be long:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 277.

111
Near the Reichsbrücke over the Danube:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 43; Berkley,
Vienna and Its Jews
, 260.

111
The Jewish General Sommer appeared:
Lambeth Palace, LR 1, reports from Czech Consul-General and “The Sack of Vienna.”

111
The café acted:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 86.

112
In Austria the fortunes:
Erika Weinzierl,
Zu wenig Gerechte: Österreich und Judenverfolgung 1938–1945
(Graz, 1969), 34.

112
He was concerned:
BBD Acc 3121/C11/12/2/1938.

112
Deedes paid similar calls:
Leo Lauterbach, “The Jewish Situation in Austria,” BBD Acc 3121/C11/12/2/1938.

113
By the time they had:
Letter from Lorli Rudov to the author, October 20, 2001.

113
“We are trying to get her a permit:
FLA Germany Files, GE9, July 8, 1938.

113
Many went because it was seen:
Darton,
Friends’ Committee
, 48.

113
The baptismal certificate
might
work:
E-mail from and telephone conversation with George Clare, January 16, 2001.

113
The British Empire let in a smattering:
PRO T15833 580 of December 14, 1938.

113
St. Helena allowed:
Bartrop in Bartrop,
False Havens
, 5–6.

113
“in spite of the government’s best efforts”:
Bartrop in Bartrop,
False Havens
, xi.

113
South Africa took virtually none:
Bartrop,
False Havens
, 189; see also Ann Beaglehole, “Jewish Refugee Immigration to New Zealand, 1933–52,” in Bartrop,
False Havens
; Popper,
Unended Quest
, 105.

114
“You would have got on the back:
Conversation with George Clare, January 16, 2001.

114
Later there were speeches:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 282–283.

115
“You look just like the porter:
Spitzy,
So haben wir das Reich verspielt
, 260.

115
“Oy! Look at that!:
Kordt,
Nicht aus den Akten
, 210.

115
As it was, the party traveled:
Paul Schmidt,
Hitler’s Interpreter
(London, 1950), 80.

115
There were baskets of fruit:
Schmidt,
Hitler’s Interpreter
, 82.

115
It would be up to the Nazis:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 286.

115
although Ciano thought they only had eyes:
Ciano,
Ciano’s Diary
, 113.

115
Even Mussolini told Ciano:
Moseley,
Mussolini’s Shadow
, 42; Ciano,
Ciano’s Diary
, 113.

116
Only recently Mussolini had decided:
Klemperer,
Tagebücher
, 412.

116
Intelligent Germans in his party:
See Klepper,
Tagebücher
, 589.

116
Goebbels looked out of the train:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 285.

116
According to Paul Schmidt, they showed:
Schmidt,
Hitler’s Interpreter
, 81.

116
There was no sympathy:
Ciano,
Ciano’s Diary
, 96.

116
Some Nazis who had been agitating:
Kordt,
Nicht aus den Akten
, 211.

116
“He belongs to a category:
Ciano,
Ciano’s Diary
, 112.

117
Hess agreed with Goebbels:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 287.

117
“despicable democratic leader.”:
Kordt,
Nicht aus den Akten
, 218.

117
Bülow-Schwante was summarily:
Schmidt,
Hitler’s Interpreter
, 82.

117
Hitler expressed his anger:
Brigitte Hamann,
Winifred Wagner: A Life at the Heart of Hitler’s Bayreuth
, trans. Alan Bance (London, 2005), 284.

117
His gaffes caused chortling:
Spitzy,
So haben wir das Reich verspielt
, 271.

117
“liquidate the monarchy for ever.”:
Ciano,
Ciano’s Diary
, 112.

117
“The nobility is international:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 288–291.

117
Mussolini had to find:
Denis Mack Smith,
Modern Italy: A Political History
(Ann Arbor, 1997), 396.

117
“[the]
Osservatore Romano
:
BBD, B4/WE/24 May 11 1938.

118
Der Stürmer
celebrated:
Der Stürmer 18
, May 1938.

118
Some Jews were tempted to hang on:
Hilberg,
Destruction
, 1:98–100.

118
Twenty-five issues appeared:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 75.

118
The physical pressure was to be:
The Attorney-General of the Government of Israel v. Adolf Eichmann
, Minutes of Session No. 18, Jerusalem 1961.

119
For Palestine there was:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 71.

119
“I was no Jew-hater:
Safrian,
Eichmann
, 44.

119 “
I learn from a reliable but indirect:
BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24.

119
“Practically every European country:
BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24.

120
“Most of the victims being converted:
“News from Austria and Germany” in BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24.

120
As far as they were concerned:
Office of the Chief Rabbi, report March 1944, BBD, 3121 C2/2/4/1.

120
He wanted to achieve his mission:
Kershaw,
Nemesis
, 92.

120
“increasing diplomatic controversies:
Quoted in Alan Bullock,
Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
, rev. ed. (Harmondsworth, 1962), 446.

121
Germans felt certain:
Klemperer,
Tagebücher
, 409.

122
“I am utterly determined that Czechoslovakia:
Quoted in Bullock,
Hitler
, 447.

122
“He who wants to sit:
Quoted in Bullock,
Hitler
, 449.

122
Hitler already believed:
Kershaw,
Nemesis
, 98.