1938 (52 page)

123
On July 12 a New Military:
Tooze,
Wages
, 249–253.

123
Even the timing of Operation Green:
Tooze,
Wages
, 264.

123
Goebbels thought this would be:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 345;
I, VI
, 41.

124
“The Commander in Chief:
Peter Hoffmann,
The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945
, trans. Richard Barry, 3rd ed. (London, 1977), 77.

125
In another account he was tortured:
Reich and Reich,
Zweier Zeugen Mund
, 91–92.

125
The assistant refused:
Heilig,
Men Crucified
, 90.

125
“Comrades around me were:
Heilig,
Men Crucified
, 93.

125
“There is only rabble.:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 323.

125
Naturally suicides in Austria:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 87.

125
The purpose of these shipments:
Moser,
Juden Verfolgung
, 7–8.

126
Fortunately four years of service:
Schuschnigg,
Requiem
, 77.

126
But if he was in deep water:
Schuschnigg,
Requiem
, 75.

127
“You little bureaucrat!”:
Schwerin,
Junge Generation
, 166; information for Angela Bohrer, Schulenburg’s daughter. Her mother witnessed the telephone call.

127
“I was livid.:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 329.

128
At the time of the Fritsch crisis:
Helldorf was hanged after the failed plot of July 20, 1944.

128
He later lied to Goebbels:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 331.

128
The “eyesore” came down:
Klemperer,
Tagebücher
, 417;
Der Stürmer
29, July 1938.

128
The child was named Edda:
Emmy Göring claimed that she was named after a friend, not Mussolini’s daughter and wife of Count Ciano. Emmy Goering,
My Life with Goering
(London, 1972), 76. Willi Frischauer (
Goering
, 158–159) scoffs at this and says that she invented the story after Ciano’s “treachery.” The Görings’ daughter was originally named Ebba. It was Hermann Göring who changed it to Edda.

128
In Nuremberg, Streicher put it about:
Overy,
Goering
, 73.

128
There were naturally rumors:
Bella Fromm,
Diary
, 272.

128
They went directly to show the baby:
Goering,
My Life with Goering
, 81.

129
There had to be no history:
Burleigh,
The Third Reich
, 230–231.

129
The crosses were to be worn:
Grunberger,
Social History
, 108.

129
A cartoon by Fips:
Der Stürmer
20, June 1938.

129
“Most of the Jews:
BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24, Weisl to Waldman, June 2, 1938.

129
Jews had been forced:
BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24, Weisl to Waldman, June 2, 1938.

130
“The authorities are encouraging:
Perl,
Operation Action
, 75.

130
In his reply Wiley suggested:
Mendelsohn and Detwiler,
Holocaust
, 5:222–225.

130
A year before, Hitler had declared:
Hilberg,
Destruction
, 1:123.

131
“what had been a secure middle class:
Communication from Hans Schneider, September 11, 2003.

131
“He asked the first reliable looking man:
Communication from Hans Schneider, September 11, 2003.

131
“A large number of pastors:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 339.

132
“indescribably romantic.”:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 337, 342–343.

132
“How paltry others:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 344.

132
“Obviously such declarations:
Lambeth Palace, Bell Papers, 428/27 of October 22, 1935.

132
“Baptism alters nothing.”:
Lambeth Palace, Bell Papers, 428/118.

133
Grimes baptized 8 Jews:
Baptismal Register in the Anglican Chaplaincy in

Vienna.

133
Some might have believed:
E-mail from Peter Henried, October 14, 2002. 134
Weisl was at a loss:
BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24, Weisl to Waldman, June

15, 1938.

134
On the one hand, Jews were being:
BBD, C11A/8. 134
George Clare remembered:
Clare,
Last Waltz
, 230. 134
“the persecutions were carried out:
BBD, Acc/3121/BO4/WE/24, Unsigned, undated document in German.

134
the gauleiter reported “lots of arrests:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 352. 134
Together with Helldorf he made:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 366. 134
He was to use these methods:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 333, 335.

135
On June 22 the German prizefighter:
John Exshaw, “Max Schmeling” (obituary),
Independent
, February 5, 2005; Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 306, 358.

135
German sprinters had proved no match for Americans:
Only the sprinters—Germany won the 1936 Olympiad with a third more medals than its nearest rival, the United States.

135
The fastidious Reck-Malleczewen:
Reck-Malleczewen,
Diary
, 72.

135
The next day the municipality:
Bella Fromm,
Diary
, 274–275.

135
“For the rest, the fight:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 358.

135
Confiscations yielded:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 67.

137
he did not have a chance:
Prager Presse
, July 22, 1938.

137
Hitler’s Austrian Legion mutinied:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 366.

137
“This is a revolution.:
Daily Telegraph
, July 1, 1938.

137
“overfilled with Jews:
Daily Telegraph
, July 2, 1938.

138
“I don’t want this.”:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 372.

138
warned Goebbels:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 375.

138
“He looked very small”:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 377.

138
The following day, July 5, Goebbels:
On July 2 Malcolm Christie had reported to the Foreign Office in London that Hitler intended to attack Czechoslovakia in the autumn. The following day Chamberlain had delivered a speech at Kettering in which he had voiced his reluctance to go to war.

138
“I promised him:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 369–370.

138
“We as a nation of:
Quoted in Padfield,
Himmler
, 224.

139
He was laughing:
Der Stürmer
30, July 1938.

139
That July, Munich hosted:
Klemperer,
Tagebücher
, 415.

139
cited the fact that 85 percent:
Der Stürmer, Sondernummer: Der Jude in Oesterreich
(special issue), July 1938.

139
In Vienna it was announced:
Prager Presse
, July 22, 1938.

139
Jews were now being cleared:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 154.

139
“Jews are hardly ever seen:
Daily Telegraph
, July 6, 1938.

139
Gentiles could also justify not paying:
Times
, July 6, 1938.

140
381 illegal immigrants had arrived in Palestine:
Weisl later gave this figure as 385, and the cost as £16. See von Weisl, “Illegale Transporte,” 166, 172.

140
It transpired that the British:
Weisl, “Illegale Transporte,” 172.

140
Eichmann voiced his pleasure:
Geoffrey Wheatcroft, “No Fairy Tale: The History of Zionism: Vladimir Jabotinsky’s Difficult Legacy, and Its Powerful Supporters and Opponents,”
Times Literary Supplement
, February 22, 2008.

140
At the South Station:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 111.

140
He showed understanding:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 112–113.

141
it must have meant Miss Stamper:
Conversation with Eric Sanders, the former Ignaz Erich Schwarz, November 8, 2001. Sanders remembered a kindly woman at the PCO who suggested the best means of getting to Britain. In his case it was to apply for a full-time course in higher education.

141
She resigned soon after:
London,
Whitehall and the Jews
, 68.

141
“We should need a staff:
Christopher Andrew,
Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community
(London, 1986), 535–536, quoting Sherman,
Island Refuge
(London, 1973).

141
“It gets under your skin:
Smith,
Foley
, 148.

141
At the end of July the Greeks:
Klepper,
Tagebücher
, 619.

141
Some 850 despairing Jews:
In his later account, Weisl says there were only 750 Jews. See Weisl, “Illegale Transporte,” 173.

142
It was on its seventh journey:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 170.

142
“I try to console them:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 94.

142
It appears that food parcels:
FLA, Germany Files, GE9, Ethel Houghton to Alice Nike, July 9, 1938.

143
“Why are the borders closed to poor Jews?”:
Daily Telegraph
, July 16, 1938.

143
“degrading reproach:
Quoted in Gedye,
Fallen Bastions
, 350.

143
He reported that even ministers:
Chandler, “Church of England,” 234.

143
The Jews had first to find backers:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 97.

143
Later that small tally:
Mendelsohn and Detwiler,
Holocaust
, 5:242–243.

143
He felt the Americans:
Mendelsohn and Detwiler,
Holocaust
, 5:242–243, 250–252, 258.

143
he refused to accept:
Marc Eric McClure,
Earnest Endeavors: The Life and Public Work of George Rublee
(Westport, 2003), 248.

143
The Viennese-born Dr. Henry I. Wachtel:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 104.

144
They also pointed out:
McClure,
Rublee
, 248–249.

144
Those taking medical degrees:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 98, 102.

144
Cuba wanted $500 dollars a head:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 101.

144
Northern Rhodesia:
Mendelsohn and Detwiler,
Holocaust
, 5:152–156.

145
Kenya seemed particularly open:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 102. A Jewish acquaintance told the author recently that he had spent his early years in Kenya, where his father had a farm after training in Britain. His parents had emigrated from western Germany.

145
As one Australian said:
Amy Zahl Gottlieb,
Men of Vision: Anglo-Jewry’s Aid to Victims of the Nazi Regime, 1933–1945
(London, 1998), 86.

145
“conditions of exodus:
T120/3183/E523535-E523542 in Mendelsohn and

Detwiler,
Holocaust,
5:00.

145
“a catastrophic setback.”:
FLA, Germany Files, GE9. Corder Catchpool to

Wilfred Israel, August 31, 1938. 145
The Jew was mocked:
Der Stürmer
30, July 1938.

145
“I’m afraid we were too hopeful:
FLA Germany Files, GE9.HNN/IB to Emma Cadbury, August 27, 1938.

146
Argentina admitted Jews:
Author’s conversation with Gerhard Bronner in Vienna; FLA, Germany Files, GE9, Emma Cadbury to Hermia Neild, August 27, 1938.

146
The conference closed more doors:
McClure
, Rublee
, 249.

146
To some extent the Americans:
McClure,
Rublee
, 253–254.

146
They were offering similar ideas:
Berger, “The Gildemeester Organisation,” 220.

146
The pope did not desist:
Goebbels,
Tagebücher I, V
, 385.

146
Sometimes the Gestapo simply pushed:
BBD, E3/282.

147
There were eighty-three former Austrians:
BBD, C11/7/1/4.

147
The Dutch and Belgians were showing:
Rosenkranz,
Verfolgung
, 106.

147
The doubtful morality of a few monks:
Stefan Spevak,
NS Vermögensentzug, Restitution und Entschädigung in der Diözese St Pölten
(Vienna, 2004), 15.

147
Schuschnigg cried out:
Schuschnigg,
Requiem
, 69.