Ancient Iraq (62 page)

45
.
ARAB
, II, §§ 810 – 11.

46.
According to
II Chronicles
xxxiii. 11, the Assyrians took Manasseh, King of Judah, and ‘carried him to Babylon’. This event is not mentioned in the (incomplete) Assyrian records.

47
.
Nahum
, 7, 15, 19.

Chapter 21

1
.
J. N. POSTGATE
‘The economic structure of the Assyrian empire’, in T. LARSEN (Ed.),
Power and Propaganda
, Copenhagen, 1979, pp. 193 – 221 (esp. pp. 194 – 217).

2
.
LORD BYRON
, ‘The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold’,
The Destruction of Sennacherib
, canto I, line 1.

3
. On this subject in general, cf.
R. LABAT
,
Le Caractére Religieux de la Royauté Assyro-Babylonienne
, Paris, 1939, and
H. FRANKFORT
,
Kingship and the Gods
, Chicago, 1948.

4
. This site has been briefly excavated by Layard in 1850 and Rawlinson in 1852. Cf J.
E. CURTISS
and
A. K. GRAYSON
,
Iraq
, XLIV (1982), pp. 87 – 94.

5
.
ARAB
, II, § 986.

6
.
A. HALLER
,
Die Graber und Grüfte von Assur
, Berlin, 1954, pp. 170 – 80. J.
McGINNIS
, ‘A Neo-Assyrian text describing a royal funeral’,
SAA Bulletin
, I, 1, 1987, pp. 1 – 11.

7
. These tombs have not yet been studied and published scientifically. To our knowledge, at the time of writing the only information available comes from newspapers and magazines.

8
.
H. FRANKFORT
, op. cit., p. 259; Also see
R. LABAT
, p. cit., pp. 82 – 7; J.
RENGER
, article ‘Inthronization’ in
RLA
, V, pp. 128 – 36.

9.
R. FRANKENA
, Tâkultu, Leiden, 1954 (in Dutch with summary in English).
J. LAEssØE
,
Studies on the Assyrian Ritual and Series bit rimki
, Copenhagen, 1955;
R. BORGER
, ‘Das dritte “Haus” der Serie
bit rimki’, JCS
, XXI (1967), pp. 1 – 17.

10
.
H. FRANKFORT
, op. cit., p. 259.

11
.
RCAE
, No. 437 (
R. LABAT
, op. cit., p. 359;
H. FRANKFORT
, cit., p. 264).

12
.
R. CAMPBELL THOMPSON
,
The Reports of the Magicians and Astrolo-gers of Nineveh and Babylon
, London, 1900, remains fundamental. Among studies on Mesopotamian divination and magical practices, the most penetrating is that of
J. BOTTERO
, ‘Symptômes, signes, ériture‘, in
J. P. VERNANT
et al
. (eds.),
Divination et Rationalité
, Paris, 1974.

13
.
RCAE
, No. 1237.

14
.
RCAE
, No. 137.

15
.
J. V. KINNIER WILSON
,
The Nimrud Wine List
, London, 1972. See also:
E. KLAUBER
,
Assyrisches Beamtentum
, Leipzig, 1910, and
P. GARELLI
, ‘Remarques sur l'administration de l'empire assyrien’,
RA
, LXVII (1974), pp. 1129 – 40. Also see Chapter 19, note 15.

16
.
C. PREUSSER
,
Die Wohnaüser in Assur
, Berlin, 1955, pp. 15 – 60.
G. LOUD
and
CH. B. ALTMAN
,
Khorsabad
, II, Chicago, 1938.

17
.
J. N. POSTGATE
,
Neo-Assyrian Grants and Decrees
, Rome, 1969.

18
.
C. J. JOHNS
,
An Assyrian Doomsday Book
, Leipzig, 1901;
J. N. POSTGATE
,
op. cit
.
G. VAN DRIEL
, ‘Land and people in Assyria’,
Bi.Or
., XXVII (1970), pp. 168 – 75;
F. M. FALES
,
Censimenti e Castati di Epoca Neo-Assyria
, Roma, 1973.

19
. Sargon forced Egypt to open trade relations with Assyria (
c. J. GADD
,
Iraq
, XVI, 1954, p. 179) and Esarhaddon encouraged the Babylonians to engage in commerce with ‘all countries’ (
R. BORGER
,
Die Inschriften Asarhaddons
, pp. 25 ff.).

20
.
A. L. OPPENHEIM
,
Ancient Mesopotamia
, pp. 93 – 4, and ‘Essay on overland trade in the first millennium
B.C
.’,
JCS
, XXI (1967), pp. 236 – 54.

21
.
G. VAN DRIEL
, ‘Land and people in Assyria: some remarks’,
Bi.Or
., XXVII (1970), pp. 168 – 75;
P. GARELLI
, ‘Problèmes de stratification sociale dans l'empire assyrien’, in
Gesellschaftsklassen im alten Zweistromland
, München, 1972, pp. 73 – 9.

22
. To the fundamental and still valid study of
W. MANITIUS
, ‘Das stehende Herr der Assyrerkönige und seine Organization’,
ZA
(ancient series), XXIV (1910), pp. 97 – 148 and 185 – 224, must now be added that of
F. MALBRAN-LABAT
,
L'Armée et l'Organisation Militaire de l'Assyrie
, Geneva/Paris, 1982. Also see:
Y. YADIN
,
The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands
, London, 1963.

23
.
J. N. POSTGATE
,
Taxation and Conscription in the Assyrian Empire
, Rome, 1974, pp. 218 – 26.

24
.
H. W. SAGGS
, ‘Assyrian warfare in the Sargonid period’,
Iraq
, XXV (1963), pp. 145 – 54 (esp. pp. 146 – 7).

25
.
A. L. OPPENHEIM
, ‘The eyes of the Lord’,
JAOS
, LXXXVIII (1968);
F. MALBRAN-LABAT
, Op. cit., pp. 13 – 29; 41 – 57.

26
.
J. E. READE
, ‘The Neo-Assyrian court and army: evidence from the sculptures’,
Iraq
, XXXIV (1972), pp. 87 – 112.

27
. Pieces of equipment and weapons were found in ‘Fort Shalmaneser’ at Nimrud:
D. STRONACH
, ‘Metal objects from the 1957 excavations at Nimrud’,
Iraq
, XX (1958), pp. 169 – 81.

28
. Among the numerous publications devoted to Assyrian reliefs, see:
C. J. GADD
,
The Stones of Assyria
, London, 1936, and
Assyrian Sculptures in the British Museum, from Shalmanezer III to Sennacherib
, London, 1938;
E. WEIDNER
,
Die Reliefs der assyrischen Könige
, Berlin, 1939;
R. D. BARNET
and
M. FALKNER
,
The Sculptures of Assur-nasir-apli, Tiglathpileser III, Esarhaddon from the Central and South-West Palaces at Nimrud
, London, 1962;
R. D. BARNETT
and
N. FORMAN
,
Assyrian Palace Reliefs in the British Museum
, London, 1970;
R. D. BARNETT
,
Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbani-pal at Nineveh
, London, 1976. See also:
AAO
, pis. 77, 83 – 114. Excellent photographs in
A. PARROT
,
Nineveh and Babylon
, London, 1961, and
E. STROMMENGER
,
The Art of Mesopotamia
, London, 1964.

29
.
A. WALTER
,
Kultrelief aus dem Brunnen des Assur Tempels zu Assur
, Leipzig, 1931;
AAO
, pl. 72.

30
.
A. WALTER
,
Farbige Keramik aus Assur
, Berlin, 1923;
G. LOUD
and
CH. B. ALTMAN
,
Khorsabad, II
, Chicago, 1938, pl. 89.

31
.
A. PARROT
,
Assur
, fig. 109 – 111; 343 – 5.

32
. See, in particular, the splendid embroidered coat of Ashurnasiral in
AAO
, p. 104; fig. 41.

33
.
M. E. L. MALLOWAN
,
The Nimrud Ivories
, London. 1978. Cf.
R. D. BARNETT
,
A Catalogue of the Nimrud Ivories in the British Museum
; London, 1975;
M. E. L. MALLOWAN
et al., Ivories from Nimrud
, 4 vol., London, 1966 – 74 ff. On the difficult problem of the origin of ivory and of the styles of ivory objects, see:
R. D. BARNETT
,
Iraq
, XXV (1963), pp. 81 – 5;
I. J. WINTER
,
Iraq
, LXI (1981), pp. 1 – 22;
D. COLLON
,
Iraq
, XXXIX (1977), pp. 219 – 22.

Chapter
22

1
.
SETON LLOYD
,
Foundations in the Dust
, London, 1980, p. 126.

2
.
C. BEZOLD
,
Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets… in the British Museum
, London, 1889 – 99, with supplements by
L. W. KING
in 1914 and by
W. G. LAMBERT
and
W. G. MILLARD
in 1968.

3
.
RCAE
, IV, p. 213, No. 6 (transl.
E. CHIERA
,
They Wrote on Clay
, Chicago, 1938, p. 174). Cf. also
RCAE
, Nos. 18, 255, 688.

4
. Among other royal libraries is that of Tiglathpileser I. Cf.
E. WEIDNER
‘Die Bibliothek Tiglathpilesers I’,
AfO
, XVI (1952), p. 197 ff.

5
. These texts have been published by
O. R. GURNEY
,
W. G. LAMBERT
and
J. J. FINKELSTEIN
in
Anatolian Studies
, II (1952) to XXII (1972). On the last named piece, see:
J. S. COOPER
, ‘Structure, humour and satire in the Poor Man of Nippur,
JCS
, XXVII (1975), pp. 163 – 74. Also:
J. BOTTERO
in
Les Pouvoirs Locaux en Mésopotamie
, Bruxelles, 1980, pp. 24 – 8.

6
.
s. PARPOLA
, ‘Assyrian library records’,
JNES
, XLII (1983, pp. 1 – 29);
D. J. WISEMAN
, ‘Assyrian writing-boards’,
Iraq
, XXVII (1955), pp. 3 – 13.

7
. On Mesopotamian sciences in general:
O. NEUGEBAUER
,
The Exact Sciences in Antiquity
, Providence, Rhode Island, 1957;
R. LABAT
, ‘La Mésopotamie’ in
La Science Antique et Médiévale, Histoire Générale des Sciences
, I, Paris, 1957, pp. 73 – 138. In spite of its date,
B. MEISSNER
,
Babylonien und Assyrien
, II, Heidelberg, 1925, is still extremely useful.

8
. On schools, see Chapter 13, note 31.

9
. On these lists, see
A. L. OPPENHEIM
,
Ancient Mesopotamia
, Chicago, 1964, pp. 180, 248, 371.

10
.
B. LANDSBERGER
,
Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien
, Leipzig, 1934; R.
C. THOMPSON
,
A Dictionary of Assyrian Chemistry and Geology
, Oxford, 1936;
A Dictionary of Assyrian Botany
, London, 1949;
M. LEVEY
,
Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia
, Amsterdam, 1959.

11
.
W. HOROWITZ
, ‘The Babylonian map of the world’,
Iraq
, L (1988), pp. 147 – 65.

12
.
A. L. OPPENHEIM
et al., Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia
, Corning, N.Y., 1970.

13
. This point has recently been emphasized by
J. C. MARGUERON
,
Les Mésopotamiens
, Paris, 1991, Vol. II, pp. 179 – 81.

14
. Good summary on mathematics by
R. CARATINI
in
R. LABAT
, op. cit., pp. 103 – 37 (with bibliography). See also:
O. NEUGE-BAUER
, ‘Ancient mathematics and astronomy’, in
C. SINGER
et al
. (eds.),
A History of Technology
, I, Oxford, 1954, pp. 785 – 804;
E. M. BRUINS
, ‘Interpretation of cuneiform mathematics’,
Physis
, IV (1962), pp. 277 – 340. More recently:
G. IFRAH
,
Histoire Uni-verselle des Chiffres
, Paris, 1981;
J. FRIBERG
, ‘Methods and traditions of Babylonian mathematics’,
Historia Mathematica
, VIII (1981), pp. 277 – 318;
Id
., ‘Index of publications on Sumero-Akkadian mathematics and related topics’,
AfO Beiheft
, XIX (1982), pp. 225 – 32; R.
BRADLEY
, ‘Mathematics in ancient Mesopotamia’,
Ur
(Baghdad), 1981/3, pp. 28 – 31.

15
.
R. LABAT
, Op. cit., p. 112.

16
.
TAHA BAQIR
,
Sumer
, VII (1951), p. 30.

17
.
R. LABAT
, Op. cit., p. 113.

18
.
H. GOETSCH
, ‘Die Algebra der Babylonier’,
Archive for History of Exact Sciences
, Berlin and New York, 1968, pp. 79 – 153.

19
.
O. NEUGEBAUER
,
Astronomical Cuneiform Texts
, 3 vol., London, 1955; ‘Ancient mathematics and astronomy’, in
C. SINGER
et al., A History of Technology
, Oxford, 54;
A History of Ancient Mathematics and Astronomy
, New York, 1975. Good summaries in
R. LABAT
, op. cit., note 7, pp. 123 – 37 and in
H. W. F. SAGGS
,
The Greatness that was Babylon
, London, 1962, pp. 453 – 9.

20
.
S. LANGDON
and
J. K. FOTHERINGHAM
,
The Venus Tablets of Ammizaduga
, London, 1928, and
J. D. WEIR
,
The Venus Tablets of Ammizaduga
, Istanbul, 1972;
E. REINER
,
Same title
, Malibu, Calif., 1975.

21
.
R. A. PARKER
and
W. H. DUBBERSTEIN
,
Babylonian Chronology
, Providence, Rhode Island, 1956, pp. 1 – 3.

22
.
A. T. OLMSTEAD
,
History of the Persian Empire
, Chicago, 1948, p. 206.

23
.
A. T. OLMSTEAD
, op. cit., p. 457.

24
.
G. SARTON
, ‘Chaldaean astronomy in the last three centuries
B.C.
’,
JAOS
, LXXV (1955), pp. 166 – 73 (citation p. 170).

25.
Most medical texts have been published by
F. KÖCHER
,
Die babylonisch-assyrische Medizin in Texten und Untersuchungen
, 6 vol., Berlin, 1963 – 80. General studies in
G. CONTENAU
,
La Médecine en Assyrie et en Babylonie
, Paris, 1938;
H. E. SIGERIST
,
A History of Medicine
, I, Oxford, 1951, pp. 377 – 497;
A. L. OPPENHEIM
, ‘Mesopotamian medicine’,
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
, XXXVI (1962), pp. 97 – 108.

26
.
E. K. RITTER
, ‘Magical expert ( =
ašipu
) and physician ( =
asû
): notes on two complementary professions in Babylonian medicine’,
Assyriological Studies
, Chicago, XVI (1965), pp. 299 – 321.

27
.
R. LABAT
,
Traité Akkadien de Diagnostics et Pronostics Médicaux
, Leiden, 1951.

28
.
R. LABAT
,
Traité
, op. cit., p. 3.

29
.
R. LABAT
,
Traité
, p. 81.

30
. R. LABAT,
Traité
, p. 173.

31
.
F. KUCHLER
,
Beiträge zur Kentniss der Assyrisch-Babylonischen Medizin
, Leipzig, 1904, p. 60.

32
.
J. V. KINNIER WILSON
. ‘An introduction to Babylonian psychiatry’,
Festschrif Benno Landsberger
, Chicago, 1965, pp. 289 – 98;
Id
., ‘Mental diseases in ancient Mesopotamia’, in
Diseases in Antiquity
, Springfield, III, 1967, pp. 723 – 33.

33
.
L. LEGRAIN
, ‘Nippur old drug store’,
University Museum Bulletin
, VIII (1940), pp. 25 – 7;
M. CIVIL
, ‘Prescriptions médicales sumériennes’,
RA
, LIV (1960), pp. 57 – 72;
S. N. KRAMER
,
The Sumerians
, Chicago, 1963, pp. 93 – 8;
P. HERRERO
,
La Thérapeutique Mésopotamienne
, Paris, 1984.

34
.
R. C. THOMPSON
, ‘Assyrian prescriptions for disease of the urine’,
Babyloniaca
, XIV (1934), p. 124.

35
.
R. C. THOMPSON
, ‘Assyrian prescriptions for diseases of the chest and lungs’,
RA
, XXXI (1934), p. 23.

36
.
RCAE
, No. 108.

37
.
A. FINET
, ‘Les Médecins au royaume de Mari’,
Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves
, Bruxelles, XV (1954 – 7), pp. 123 – 44