Ancient Iraq (59 page)
Chapter 15
1
.
N. YOFEE
,
The Economic Role of the Crown in the Old Babylonian Period
, Malibu, Calif., 1977, pp. 143 – 51; J.
RENGER
in
E. LIPINSKI
(ed.),
State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East
, I, Leuven, 1979, p. 252.
2
.
J. BOTTERO
, ‘Désordre économique et annulation de dettes en Mésopotamie à l'époque paléo-babylonienne’, JESHO, IV (1961), pp. 113 – 64.
3
.
MCG. GIBSON
, ‘Violation of fallow and engineered disaster in Mesopotamian civilization’ in
T. E. DOWNING
and
MCG. GIBSON
(ed.),
Irrigation Impact on Society
, Tucson, Ariz., 1974, pp. 7 – 19.
4
. The main sources for the period are the royal inscriptions (
IRSA
, pp. 220 – 9), the year-names published by
A. UNGNAD
in
RLA
, II, pp. 182 – 92 and by
B. E. MORGAN
in
Manchester Cuneiform Studies
, II (1952), pp. 31 ff, 44 ff., and III (1953), pp. 56 ff., 72 ff. and 76 ff., and the Babylonian chronicle published by
KING
,
Chronicles
, II, pp. 15 – 24. On the period in general, cf.
C. J. GADD
in
CAH
, II, 1, pp. 220 – 4, and
M. STOL
,
Studies in Old Babylonian History
, Istanbul, 1976.
5
.
SIR LEONARD WOOLLEY
and
P. R. S. MOOREY
,
Ur of the Chaldees
, London, 1982, p. 191;
W. HINZ
in
CAH
, II, 1, p. 266.
6
. Little is known about this dynasty which, according to the Babylonian Royal Lists A and B (
RLA
, VI, pp. 91 – 100), had eleven kings and lasted 368 years (
sic
). Its capital-city, Urukug, has not yet been identified. The name of its first king can also be read Iliman.
7
. Inscription of Esarhaddon,
ARAB
, II, § 576. Cf.
ARI
, I. p. 31.
8
. A
Kashtiliash
whose name appears among the Semitic rulers of Hana is probably the same person as the second successor of
Gandash
who founded the Kassite dynasty outside Babylon during the reign of Samsu-iluna.
9
.
F. R. KRAUS
,
Ein Edikt des Königs Ammi-saduqa von Babylon
, Leiden, 1958. Cf.
J. J. FINKELSTEIN
, ‘The edict of Ammisaduqa, a new text’,
RA
, LXIII (1969), pp. 45 – 64 and 189 – 90.
10
.
F. CORNELIUS
, ‘Die Annalen Hattushilish I',
Orientalia
, XXVIII (1959) pp. 292 – 6;
F. IMPARATI
. and
C. SAPORETTI
, ‘L’autobiogra-fia di Hattushili I',
Studi Classici e Orientali
, XIV (1965), pp. 40 – 85.
11
. Inscription of Telepinus (
c
. 1500
B.C
.). Cf.
F. HROZNY
, ‘Eine Inschrift des Konigs Telepinus’,
Bo.Stu
, III (1919), pp. 202 – 4.
12
. So far, the only synthetic studies on the Kassites are those of
T. H. CARTER
,
Studies in Kassite History and Archaeology
, Bryn Mawr, 1962 (dissertation) and of
E. CASSIN
in
Fischer Weltgeschichte
, III, Frankfurt, 1966, pp. 12 – 70. To be completed by
J. A. BRINKMAN
, The monarchy in the time of the Kassite dynasty' in P. GARELLI (ed.),
Le Palais et la Royauté, Paris
, 1974, pp. 395 – 408, and by the article ‘Kassiten’ in
RLA
, V, pp. 464 – 73.
13
.
K. BALKAN
,
Kassitenstudien
, I,
Die Sprache der Kassiten
, New Haven, 1954.
14
. Published by
F. E. PEISER
and
H. WINCKLER
in
KB
, I (1889), pp. 194 – 203. See now:
A. GRAYSON
,
ABC
, pp. 157 – 70.
15
. The inscription was published by
F. DELITZCH
,
Die Sprache der Kossäer
, Leipzig, 1904. Agum states that he brought the statues ‘from the country of Hani’. Is this a scribal error for Hatti, or did the Hittites leave the statues in the country of Hańa (the region of Terqa) on their way home? On this problem see:
K. JARITZ
; ‘Quellen zur Geschichte der Kashshu dynasty‘,
Mitteilun-gen des Instituts für Orientforschung
, VI (1958), pp. 205 – 7.
16
.
Synchr. History
, I, 1 – 17.
17
.
J. JORDAN
,
UVB
, I (1930), p. 30;
AAO
, pp. 63 – 4, pl. 70a.
18
.
TAHA BAQIR
, ‘Excavations at ‘Aqar Quf’,
Iraq
, Supplement 1944 – 5, and
Iraq
, VIII (1946), pp. 73 – 92.
19
. See Chapter 15, note 18.
20
. Most Kassite
Kudurrus
have been published by
L. KING
in
Babylonian Boundary Stones
, London, 1912.
21
.
U. SEIDL
, ‘Die babylonischen
Kudurru
-Reliefs’,
BM
, IV (1968), pp. 7 – 220.
22
. On these seals, see
T. BERAN
, ‘Die Babylonische Glyptik der Kassitenzeit‘,
AfO
, XVIII (1958), pp. 255 – 87, and
A. LIMET
, ‘Les Légendes des Sceaux Kassites’, Bruxelles, 1971. Also see
D. COLLON
,
First Impressions
, London, 1987, pp. 58 – 61.
Chapter 16
1
. Details and bibliography on the events briefly described in this chapter can be found in
CAH
, II, particularly chapters 8, 10, 15, 17 – 20, 21 (a), 24, 25, 29, 31 and 32. Shorter accounts are available in all general histories of the ancient Near East, e.g.
W. HALLO
and
K. SIMPSON
,
The Ancient Near East, a History
, New York, 1971.
2
.
ARAB
, I, § 47 – 59;
ARI
, I, pp. 32 – 41; Synchronistic History I, 5' – 7' (
ABC
, PP. 158 – 9).
3
.American (1940) and German (1955 – 6) excavations at Tell Fekheriyeh, near Ras-el-‘Ain, on the Khabur, have failed to confirm the traditional identification of this site with Washukkanni. For an interesting attempt at finding that city, using neutron-activation analysis of clay from royal Mitannian letters, cf.
A. DOBEL, W. J. VAN LIERE
and
A. A. MAHMUD
,
AfO
, XXV (1974 – 7), pp. 259 – 64.
4
.
S. SMITH
,
The Statue of Idrimi
, London, 1949. Cf.
ANET
, pp. 557 – 8;
CAH
, II, I, pp. 433 – 6. In this inscription, Idrimi recounts how he lost and recovered his throne.
5
.
R. S. F. STARR
,
Nuzi
II, Cambridge (Mass.), 1937, pl. 118;
H. KLENGEL
, ‘Mitanni: Probleme seiner Expansion und politische Struktur’,
RHA, XXXVI
(1978), pp. 94 – 5.
6
. Treaty between Mattiwaza and Suppiluliumas, Rev. 8 – 10. (
E. WEIDNER
, Politische Dokumente aus Kleinasien,
Bo.Stu
, VIII (1923), p. 39.
7
.
EA
, 29.
8
.
EA
, 17, 29.
9
.
CAH
, II, 1, p. 679;
O. R. GURNEY
,
The Hittites
, London, 1980, p. 27.
10
. These tablets (abbreviated
EA
) were found at el-Amarna (ancient Akhetaton in Egypt), the ephemeral capital-city under Amenophis IV, but they are now dispersed in various museums. They were first gathered and published by J.
A. KNUDTZON
,
Die El-Amarna Tafeln
, Leipzig, 1915: English translation: S.
A. MERCER
,
The Tell el-Amarna Tablets
, Toronto, 1939. Latest French translation:
W. L. MORAN
,
Les Lettres d'Amarna
, Paris, 1987. Apart from one letter in Hurrian and two in Hittite, they are all written in Akkadian with a few glosses in Cananaean.
11
. For a general survey of the period, cf.
E. CAVAIGNAC
,
Subbiluliuma et son Temps
, Paris, 1932;
K. A. KITCHEN
,
Suppiluliuma and the Amarna Pharaohs
, Liverpool, 1962 and
A. GOETZE
,
CAH
, II, 2, pp. 1 – 20, 117 – 29 and 252 – 73.
12
.
EA
, 7, lines 69 – 72.
13
.
EA
, 7, lines 53 – 4.
14
.
EA
, 14.
15
. Treaty between Suppiluliumas and Mattiwaza, Rev. 50 [
Bo.Stu
, VIII (1923), p. 17].
16
.
EA
, 15 – 16.
17
.
Synchr. Hist.
, I, 8 – 17. Also the so-called ‘Chronicle P‘, I, 9 – 14. (
ABC
, pp 159 and 172).
18
. ‘Chronicle P‘, III, 10 – 19. (
ABC
pp. 174 – 5).
19
. Cf.
M. C. ASTOUR
, ‘The partition of the confederacy of Mukish-Nuhashshe-Nii by Shuppiluliuma’,
Orientalia
, XXXVIII (1969), pp. 381 – 414.
20
. Identified with Tell Kazel, north of Tripoli [
M. DUNAND
and
N. SALIBY
,
AAS
, VII (1957), pp. 3 – 16].
21
. Qadesh is Tell Nebi Mend, in the Orontes river valley, 25 kilometres south of Horns. So far, this site has been the object of only limited excavations:
M. PEZARD
,
Mission Archéologique à Tell Nebi Mend
, Paris, 1931. On the battle of Qadesh, see:
CAH
, II, 2, pp. 226 – 8 and 253 – 4, with bibliography p. 952.
22
.
ANET
, pp. 199 – 203.
23
.
J. FRIEDRICH
,
Der Alte Orient
, XXIV, 3 (1925), p. 26. Cf.
J. M. MUNN-RANKIN
,
CAH
, II, 2, pp. 274 – 9.
24
.
ARAB
, 1, § 73;
ARI
, I, p. 58.
25
.
Synchr. Hist
., I, 24 – 31 (War between Adad-nirâri and Nazi-Maruttash). Cf.
ABC
, pp. 160 – 61.
26
.
ARAB
, I, § 116;
ARI
, I, p. 82.
27
. This magnificent site has been excavated by a French mission in Iran in the 1950 – 60 period. Cf.
R. GHIRSHMAN
et al., Tchoga-Zanbil (Dur Untash
), Paris, 1966 – 70.
28
.
W. G. LAMBERT
, ‘Three unpublished fragments of the Tukulti-Ninurta epic’,
AfO
, XVIII (1957 – 8), pp. 38 – 51 (gives a complete translation). Cf.
E. WEIDNER
, ‘Assyrischen Epen über die Kassiten-Kämpfe’,
AfO
, XX (1963 – 4), pp. 113 – 16. Inscriptions of Tukulti-Ninurta in
ARI
, I, pp. 101 – 134.
29
.
ARAB
, I, § 145;
ARI
, I, pp. 119, 126.
30
.
Chronicle P
, IV, 8 – 9 (cf.
ARAB
, I, § 141). Cf.
ABC
, p. 176.
31
.
Ibid
., IV, 9 – 13.
Kâr-Tukulti-Ninurta
(modern Tukul Akir), two kilometres north of Assur, on the left bank of the Tigris, was excavated by the Germans in 1913 – 14:
W. BACHMANN
,
MDOG
, 53, pp. 41 – 57; W.
ANDRAE
,
Das widererstandene Assur
, pp. 121 – 5.
32
. On the fall of the Kassite dynasty, see:
D. J. WISEMAN
,
CAH, II
, 2, p. 446 and
R. LABAT
,
ibid
., pp. 486 – 7. Contrary to
K. JARITZ
, op. cit., pp. 224 – 5, the Elamite king Shilhak-Inshushinak did not take part in these events, though he later campaigned in northern Iraq.