Ancient Iraq (61 page)

Chapter 19

1
. Inscriptions of Shamshi-Adad V in
ARAB
, I, §§ 713 – 29 and in
JNES
, XXXII (1973), pp. 40 – 46. On the chronology of the reign, see
A. K. GRAYSON
in
Bi.Or
, XXXIII (1976), pp. 141 – 3.

2
.
ARAB
I, § 731. The presence of this stele among those of the Assyrian kings, and the dedication, by the governor of Kalhu, of a statue for the life of Adad-nirâri and that of Sammuramat (
ARAB
, I, § 745) suggest that Sammuramat had a considerable power, even though it has not been proven that she exerted the regency (
S. PAGE
,
Orientalia
, XXXVIII (1969), pp. 457 – 8).

3
. Among recent studies on Semiramis, see:
H. LEWY
, ‘Nitokris Naqui'a’,
JNES
, XI (1952), pp. 264 – 86;
W. EILERS
,
Semiramis: Entstehung und Nachhall einer altorientalische Sage
, Wien, 1971;
G. ROUX
, ‘Semiramis, la reine mystérieuse de l'Orient’,
L'Histoire
, LXVIII (1984), pp. 20 – 32;
G. PETTINATO
,
Semiramide
, Milano, 1985.

4
.
DIODORUS SICULUS
,
Bibl. Hist.
, II, 4 – 20.

5
.
HERODOTUS
,
Hist
., I, 184;
BEROSSUS
,
Babyloniaca
, in
Sources for the Ancient Near East
. Malibu, Calif., 1978, p. 164.

6
. Inscriptions of Adad-nirâri III in
ARAB
, I, §§ 732 – 43. For other inscriptions, see
H. TADMOR
, ‘The historical inscriptions of Adad-nirâri III’,
Iraq
, XXXV (1973), pp. 141 – 50.

7
. A. R. MILLARD and H. TADMOR, ‘Adad-nirâri III in Syria’, XXXV (1973), pp. 57 – 64.

8
.
F. THUREAU-DANGIN
, ‘Linscription des lions de Til-Barsib’,
RA
, XXVII (1930), pp. 1 – 21.

9
. The reigns of these three kings are mostly known from the lists of eponyms (
ARAB
, II, § 1198).

10
. ‘Eclectic chronicle, lines. 7 – 15 (
ABC
, pp. 182 – 3);
PKB
, pp. 223, 225 – 6.

11
. Intermittent British excavations since 1960. Preliminary reports by
SETON WILLIAMS
et al., in Iraq
, XXIII (1961), XXIX (1967) and XL (1978).

12
. According to
D. STRONACH
(
Iraq
, XXXVI, 1974, pp. 239 – 48), the Persians migrated across the Iranian plateau and reached the north-eastern fringe of Elam soon after 700
B. C
.

13
. If we judge from the valuable objects found during the American excavations at Hasanlu, south of Lake Urmiah, from 1959 to 1977. For bibliography see: ‘Bibliography of the Hasanlu Project’ in
L. D. LEVINE
and
D. W. YOUNG
(ed.),
Mountains and Lowlands
, Malibu, Calif., 1977.

14
. Among the recent books devoted to Urartu, see:
C. BURNEY
and
D. H. LANG
,
The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus
, London, 1971;
B. PIOTROVSKII
,
Ourartou
, Geneva, 1970. Origins and development:
M. SALVINI
,
Nairi e Ur(u) atri
, Roma, 1967. Inscriptions:
F. KONIG
,
Handbuch der Chaldischen Inschriften, AfO
, Beiheft 8, 1955. On art:
B. PIOTROVSKII
,
Urartu, the Kingdom of Van and its Art
, London, 1967.

15
. On these titles and the organization of the peripheral Assyrian provinces, see:
R. A. HENSHAW
, ‘The office of
shaknu
in Neo-Assyrian times’,
JAOS
, LXXXVII (1967), pp. 717 – 25; LXXXVIII (1968), pp. 461 – 83.
J. N. POSTGATE
, ‘The place of the
shaknu
in Assyrian government’,
Anatolian Studies
, XXX (1980), pp. 69 – 76.
J. PEČIRKOVA
, ‘The administrative organization of the Neo-Assyrian empire’,
Archiv Orientalni
, XLV (1977), pp. 211 – 28.

16
.
F. MALBRAN-LABAT
,
L'Armée et l'Organisation Militaire de l'Assyrie
, Geneva/Paris, 1982, pp. 59 – 61.

17
.
ARAB
, I, §§ 770, 772, 795, 806.

18
. On this question, see the thorough study of
B. ODED
,
Mass Deportation and Deportees in the Neo-Assyrian Empire
, Wiesbaden, 1979.

19
. Inscriptions of Tiglathpileser III in
ARAB
, I, §§ 761 – 822. To these must be added the fragments discovered at Nimrud and published by
D. J. WISEMAN
in
Iraq
, XIII (1951); XVIII (1956) and XXVI (1964). Also see:
L. D. LEVINE
,
Two Assyrian Stelae from Iran
, Toronto, 1972, and
N. POSTGATE
, ‘The inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III at Mila Mergi’,
Sumer
, XXIX (1973), pp. 47 – 59.

20.
ARAB
, I, § 772;
II Kings
xv. 19 – 20.

21
. French excavations in 1928:
F. THUREAU-DANGIN
et al., Arslan Tash
, Paris, 1931. Cf.
G. TURNER
,
Iraq
, XXX (1968), pp. 62 – 8. Tiglathpileser III had his own palace at Nimrud.

22
.
R. GHIRSHMAN
,
Iran
, Harmondsworth, 1954, p. 94.

23
. Nimrud letter published by
H. W. SAGGS
in
Iraq
, XVII (1955), p. 128. Cf.
M. COGAN
, ‘Tyre and Tiglat-Phalazar III’,
JCS
, XXV (1973), pp. 96 – 9.

24
.
II Chronicles
xxviii, 5 – 8;
II kings
xv, 29 – 30; xvi, 5 – 9; Cf.
ANET
, pp. 283 – 4.

25
. The royal inscription in
ARAB
, I, §§ 829 – 30 is, in reality, an inscription of Esarhaddon. On the meagre sources for this reign, see
PKB
, p. 244.

26
. Inscriptions of Sargon in
ARAB
, II, §§ 1 – 230. The reference edition is that of
A. G. LIE
,
The Inscriptions of Sargon II of Assyria, I, The Annals
, Paris, 1929. Add: c. J. GADD, ‘Inscribed prisms of Sargon from Nimrud’,
Iraq
, XVI (1954), pp. 172 – 202. The correspondence of Sargon has now been published by
S. PARPOLA
and
G. B. LANFRANCHI
in
SAA
, I (1987) and V (1990). On the chronology of the reign, see: H. TADMOR, ‘The campaigns of Sargon II of Assur’,
JCS
, XII (1958), pp. 22 – 40, 77 – 100.

27.
Babyl. Chronicle
I, 33 – 7. C. J. GADD, ‘Inscribed barrel cylinder of Marduk-apal-iddina II’,
Iraq
, XV (1983), PP. 123 – 34

28
.
ARAB
, II, § 5;
ANET
, p. 285;
R. BORGER
, ‘Das Ende des aegyptischen Feldern Sib'e = Sô’,
JNES
, XIX (1960), pp. 49 – 53.

29
.
ARAB
, II, §§ 30, 62;
ANET
, p. 286. Cf.
H. TADMOR
ibid
., pp. 83 – 4.

30
.
RCAE
, esp. Nos. 101, 123, 145, 148, 251, 380, 381, 424, 444, 515. Nimrud letters:
H. W. SAGGS
,
Iraq
, XX (1958), pp. 182 – 212.

31
.
F. THUREAU-DANGIN
,
Une Relation de la Huitiéme Campagne de Sargon
, Paris, 1912.
ARAB
, II, §§ 139 – 89. On the so-called ‘Letters to the Gods’,
see A. L. OPPENHEIM
, ‘The city of Assur in 714
B.C.
’,
JCS
, XIX (1960), pp. 133 – 47.

32
. F. THUREAU-DANGIN, op. cit., p. 7.

33
. French excavations in 1843 – 4 and 1852 – 4:
P. E. BOTTA
and
E. FLANDIN
,
Les Monuments de Ninive
, Paris, 1849 – 50;
V. PLACE
,
Ninive et l'Assyrie
, Paris, 1867 – 70. American excavations in 1930 – 5;
G. LOUD
,
Khorsabad
, Chicago, 1936 – 8.

34
.
ARAB
, II, § 89.

35.
J. A. BRINKMAN
;
Prelude to Empire
, Philadelphia, 1984, p. 54, n. 254.

Chapter 20

1
.
D. D. LUCKENBILL
,
The Annals of Sennacherib (OIP
, II), Chicago, 1924;
ARAB
, II, §§ 231 – 496;
A. HEIDEL
, ‘The octagonal prism of Sennacherib in the Iraq Museum’
Sumer
, IX (1953), pp. 117 – 88;
A. K. GRAYSON
, ‘The Walters Art Gallery Sennacherib inscription’,
AfO
, XX (1963), pp. 83 – 96; J.
READE
, ‘Sources for Sennacherib: the prisms’,
JCS
, XXVII (1975), pp. 189 – 96.

2
.
U. CUZZOLI
,
I Cimmeri
, Roma. 1968;
A. KAMMENHUBER
, article ‘Kimmerier’ in
RLA
, V, pp. 594 – 98.

3
.
RCAE
, Nos 146, 197. The kingdom of Urartu survived until 590, when it was conquered by the Medes. Inscriptions of Argishti II and Rusas II, a contemporary of Ashurbanipal, have been found.

4
.
BEROSSUS
,
Babyloniaca
III, 2. Cf.
J. ELAYI
and
A. CAVAIGNAC
,
Oriens Antiquus
, XVIII (1979), p. 70.

5
. Text of this campaign in
ARAB
, II, §§ 233 ff. and in
ANET
, pp. 287–8. The capitulation of Lakish is represented on a relief from Nineveh:
AAO
, pl. 101.

6
.
II Kings
xviii. 13 – xix. 34;
II Chronicles
xxxii. 1 – 22;
Isaiah
xxxvi. 1-xxxvii. 38.
W. VON SODEN
, ‘Sanherib vor Jerusalem, 701
B.C
.’, in
Festschrift Erich Stier
, Munster, 1972, pp. 43 – 51.

7
.
II Kings
xix. 35;
HERODOTUS
, II, 141;
BEROSSUS
in
JOSEPHUS
,
Jewish Antiquities
, X, i, 4 – 5.

8.
See the studies by
J. A. BRINKMAN
, ‘Sennacherib's Babylonian problem: an interpretation’,
JCS
, XXV (1973), pp. 89 – 99;
L. D. LEVINE,
‘Sennacherib's southern front: 704 – 869
B.C.
’,
JCS
, XXXIV (1982), pp. 28 – 58.

9
.
ARAB
, II, § 242.

10
.
ARAB
, II, §§ 246 – 7, 318 – 22, 350, 353.

11
. Tell ‘Umar, on the Tigris, south of Baghdad.

12
.
S. PARPOLA
, ‘A letter from Shamash-shum-ukin to Esarhad-on’,
Iraq
, XXXIV (1972), pp. 21 – 34.

13
. Assyrian version of the battle in
ARAB
, II, §§ 253 – 4. The ‘Babylonian Chronicle' (
ABC
, p. 80) talks of an ‘Assyrian retreat’. Hallulê is probably to be located near the lower Diyala river.

14
.
ARAB
, II, §§ 339 – 41. The ‘Babylonian Chronicle' (
ABC
, pp. 80 – 81) simply says: ‘On the first day of the month of
kislimu
the city was taken. Mushezib-Marduk was captured and taken to Assyria’.

15
.
II Kings
xxx. 36 – 7; ‘Babylonian Chronicle’ (
ABC
, p. 81);
ARAB
, II, § 795. See:
E. G. KRAELING
, ‘The death of Sennacherib’,
JAOS
, LIII (1933), pp. 335 – 46;
S. PARPOLA
, ‘The murder of Sennacherib' in
B. ALSTER
(ed.),
Death in Mesopotamia
, Copenhagen, 1980, pp. 171 – 82.

16
. Nebi Yunus is built up and has hardly been touched by archaeologists. Kuyunjik has been the object of several campaigns of excavations since the pioneer work of
LAYARD
in 1847. For a general description of the site, cf.
R. CAMPBELL THOMPSON
,
A Century of Exploration at Nineveh
, London, 1929;
T. MADHLOOM
and
A. M. MEHDI
,
Nineveh
, Baghdad, 1976.

17
.
ARAB
, II, § 366.

18
.
T
. J
ACOBSEN
and
SETON LLOYD
,
Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan
, Chicago, 1935; J.
READE
, ‘Studies in Assyrian geography I, Sennacherib and the waters of Nineveh’,
RA
, LXXII (1978), pp. 47 – 72 and 157 – 180.

19
.
W. BACHMANN
,
Felsreliefs in Assyrian
, Leipzig, 1927; L. W. KING, ‘Some unpublished rock inscriptions of Sennacherib on the Judi-Dâgh’,
PSBA
, XXXV (1913), pp. 66 – 94.

20
. Most of Esarhaddon's inscriptions are to be found in
R. BORGER
,
Die Inscriften Asarhaddons, König von Assyrien
, Graz, 1956. Other inscriptions have since been published, including
Sumer
, XII (1956), pp. 9 – 38;
AfO
, XVIII (1957 – 8), pp. 314 – 18;
Iraq
, XXIII (1961), pp. 176 – 8; XXIV (1962), pp. 116 – 17; XXVI (1964), pp. 122 – 3;
JCS
, XVII (1963), pp. 119 – 31.

21
.
ARAB
, II, §§ 501 – 5;
ANET
, pp. 288 – 90.

22
.
ARAB
, II, § 639 – 87. Cf.
J. NOUGAYROL
,
AfO
, XVIII (1957 – 8). On the role played by the queen Naqi'a/Nakûtu in this reconstruction, see:
H. LEWY
, ‘Nitokris-Naqîa’,
JNES
, XI (1952), pp. 264 – 86.

23
. ‘Babylonian Chronicle’, II, 39 – 50; IV, 1 – 2, 9 – 10 (
ABC
, pp. 82 – 3); ‘Esarhaddon's Chronicle’, 10 – 11 – 35 – 37 (
ABC
, pp. 126 – 7).

24
. On this treaty, see now:
S. PARPOLA
,
K. WATANABE
,
Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths
(
SAA
, II), Helsinki, 1988, pp. 24 – 7.

25
. On the Scythians generally, see:
T. TALBOT RICE
,
The Scythians
, London, 1957;
B. D. GRAPOW
,
Die Skythen
, Berlin, 1978;
A. M. KHAZANOV
, ‘The dawn of Scythian history’,
Iranica Antiqua
, XVII (1982), pp. 49 – 63.

26
.
A. SPALINGER
, ‘Esarhaddon in Egypt’,
Orientalia
, XLIII (1974), pp. 295 – 306. On Egypt in that period, see:
K. A. KITCHEN
,
The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt
, Warminster, 1973.

27
.
A. K. IRVIN
, ‘The Arabs and Ethiopians’ in
D. J. WISEMAN
(ed.),
People of Old Testament Times
, Oxford, 1973, p. 291. Texts in
ARAB
, II, §§ 518 – 36, 551;
ANET
, pp. 191 – 2.

28
.
ANET
, p. 293. In reality, bloody battles were fought at Memphis, and the kings of the Delta remained on their throne. Statues of Taharqa and of the Egyptian goddess Anuqet have been discovered at Nineveh (Nebi Yunus). Cf.
v. VIKENTIEV
,
Sumer
, XI (1955), pp. 111 – 14; XII (1956), PP. 76 – 9.

29
.
D. J. WISEMAN
, ‘The vassal-treaties of Esarhaddon’,
Iraq
, XXX, (1958), pp. 1 – 99. Cf.
ANET
, pp. 534 – 41. Also see
SAA II
, pp. 28 – 58.

30
. The so-called ‘Zakûtu treaty’,
SAA
, II, pp. 62 – 4.

31
.
ARAB
, II, 762 – 1129;
M. STRECK
, Assurbanipal, 3 vols., Leipzig, 1916.
T. BAUER
,
Das Inschriftwerk Assurbanipals
, Leipzig, 1933;
A. C. PIEPKORN
,
Historical Prism Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal
, Chicago, 1933. Other texts or fragments:
W. G. LAMBERT
,
AfO
, XVIII (1957 – 8), pp. 382 – 98;
D. J. WISEMAN
,
Iraq
, XXVI (1964), pp. 118 – 24;
E. KNUDSEN
,
Iraq
, XXIX (1967), pp. 49 – 69;
A. MILLARD
,
Iraq
, XXX (1968), pp. 98 – 114;
R. BORGER
,
AfO
, XXIII (1970), P. 90.

32
. J.
H. BREASTED
,
Ancient Records of Egypt
, Chicago, 1906 – 7, IV, pp. 919 ff. Also see:
A. SPALINGER
, ‘Assurbanipal and Egypt: a source study’,
JAOS
, XCIV (1974), pp. 316 – 28.

33
.
ANET
, pp. 294 – 5 (cf.
ARAB
, II, § 772).

34
. Ashurbanipal (
ARAB
, II, §§ 784 – 5, 849, 909 – 10) says that Gyges sent him a messenger with a letter stating that he had seen the god Ashur in a dream, who had told him to ‘seize the feet of the King of Assyria and evoke his name to fight the enemy’.

35
.
ARAB
, II, § 855.

36
.
HERODOTUS
, II, 152.

37
.
AAO
, pl. 114;
D. FRANKEL
,
Ashurbanipal and the Head of Teumman
, London, 1977.

38
.
RCAE
, No. 301.

39
. See the text published by
KNUDSEN
in
Iraq
, XXIX (1967), pp. 55 – 6, where mention is made of cannibalism.

40
. This is the famous ‘suicide’ of Sardanapallus’, as told by
DIO-DORUS SICULUS
11, 27, who confused Ashurbanipal (Sarda-napallus) with his brother. The text published by
M. COGAN
and
H. TADMOR
in
Orientalia
, L (1981), pp. 229 – 40 confirms that Shamash-shum-ukin died in a fire, but does not speak of suicide.

41
. The belief that Kandalanu was the name taken by Ashurbanipal as King of Babylon is rejected by most scholars. Cf.
J. A. BRINKMAN
,
Prelude to Empire
, Philadelphia, 1984, pp. 105 – 6;
H. W. F. SAGGS
,
The Might that was Assyria
, pp. 114, 117.

42
. Texts in
ARAB
, II, §§ 817 – 30, 868 – 70, 878 – 80, 940 – 43, 946 – 50, and in
ANET
, pp. 297 – 301. Detailed study by
WEIPPERT
, ‘Die Kampfe des assyrischen Königs Assurbanipal gegen die Araber’,
Die Welt des Orients
, VII (1973 – 4, pp. 38 – 85.

43
.
ANET
, p. 299.

44
. Good summary in
W. HINZ
,
The Lost World of Elam
, New York, 1971.