Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency (117 page)

379 he believed he had a secret
agreement: Anson, "Requiem for the Smartest

^s
py-"

379 Sulzberger apparently had a
different opinion: Greenhouse, "A Nominee's

Withdrawal." 379 "The
truth is there was nothing": ibid.

379  Woodward occasionally
proposed a story: Kurtz, "Inman Statements."

380  "My name is really Bobby
Ray, much as I hate it": NSA, Top Secret/Talent/Keyhole/Umbra,  Admiral
Bobby Ray Inman  oral history  (June  18, 1997).

380 he would wake up: Gellman,
"Critical Spotlight."

380 "not deceptive":
ibid.

380 "deliberately [sought
them out]": "Bowing Out with a Bang,"
Time,
January

31, 1994. 380 "wound tighter
than a hummingbird": Tony Kornheiser, "You Got Thin Skin,

Inman,"
Washington Post,
January
23, 1994. 380 Captain Queeg: "Bowing Out with a Bang." 380 now saw
plots: ibid. 380 "was very direct that if I didn't": Anson,
"Requiem for the Smartest Spy."

380  Safire wrote: This episode is
described in ibid.

381  "1 try to do it":
Harvard University Center for Information Policy Research, Program on
Information Resources Policy, "Seminar on Command, Control,
Communications, and Intelligence" (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1980), Inman lecture, p. 152.

382 "a brittle golden
boy": Anson, "Requiem for the Smartest Spy."

382 James Guerin: See Alan
Friedman,
Spider's Web: The Secret History of How

The White House Illegally Armed
Iraq
(New York: Bantam Books, 1993), pp.

56-67. 382 "the largest . . .
ever perpetrated": Elaine Sciolino, "Change at the Pentagon:

Man in the News—Bobby Ray Inman:
An Operator for the Pentagon,"
New

York Times,
December
17, 1993.

382  Inman wrote a letter: ibid.

383  "I said, 'Sure' ";
Inman's comments: NSA, Top Secret/Talent/Keyhole/Umbra, Admiral Bobby Ray Inman
oral history.

384  "deliberate
withholding": George Lardner, Jr., "Agency Is Reluctant to Share
Information,"
Washington Post
(March 19, 1990), p. A4.

386  George    Stephanopoulos   
was    worried:    For   this    account,    see    George Stephanopoulos,
All
Too Human: A Political Education
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1999), pp. 233-37.

387  "Leaks are not the
answer": address by Lieutenant General Lincoln D. Faurer before the
Phoenix Society on May 22, 1982; quoted in
Phoenician
(Fall 1982), pp.
2-7.

388  Faurer was allegedly:
"Pentagon Said to Be Forcing Retirement of NSA Head over Budget
Cuts," Associated Press (February 1, 1985).

388  "The health of the
Agency": address by Lieutenant General Lincoln D. Faurer, quoted in
Phoenician
(Fall 1982), pp. 2-7.

389  "created a big
fuss": Faurer's departure is recounted in Robert C. Toth, "Head of
NSA Is Dismissed for Opposing Budget Cuts,"
Los Angeles Times,
April
19, 1985, p. 1; see also
CBS Evening News
(January 31, 1985).

389 Faurer's premature departure:
Following his departure from NSA, Faurer became president and CEO of
Corporation for Open Systems. Funded by a consortium of more than sixty computer
and communications industry leaders, this research and development corporation
was aimed at accelerating a worldwide "open systems" environment. In
1991 Faurer formed LDF, Inc. (for Lincoln D. Faurer), which provides consulting
services concerning command, control, communications, computing, and
intelligence. In 1998 he was named to the board of directors of TSI TelSys,
Inc., which designs and manufactures high-performance protocol processing
systems for the remote-sensing satellite ground station market (News release,
TSI TelSys, Corp., November 2, 1998).

389  The Joint Chiefs of Staff
recommended: Toth, "Head of NSA Is Dismissed for Opposing Budget
Cuts."

390  claiming that intelligence
leaks: Bill Gertz, "NSA Director Stresses Harm of Intelligence Leaks in
Press,"
Washington Times,
October 12, 1988.

390 "There's leaking from
Congress": "Electronic Spy Chief Says Leaks Increasingly Hurt U.S.
Intelligence,"
Boston Globe,
September 3, 1987.

390 "irrefutable" proof:
Address by President Ronald Reagan on April 14, 1986: "On March 25th, more
than a week before the attack, orders were sent from Tripoli to the Libyan
People's Bureau in East Berlin to conduct a terrorist attack against Americans,
to cause maximum and indiscriminate casualties. Libya's agents then planted the
bomb. On April 4th, the People's Bureau alerted Tripoli that the attack would
be carried out the following morning. The next day they reported back to
Tripoli on the great success of their mission. Our evidence is direct, it is
precise, it is irrefutable. We have solid evidence about other attacks Qaddafi
has planned against United States installations and diplomats and even American
tourists."

590 "Libya, sure. Just deadly
losses.": Norman Black, "Gen. Odom Blames Leaks for 'Deadly'
Intelligence Loss,"
Washington Times,
September 3, 1987.

391  Details and quotations
concerning Wobensmith case: Stephen Engelberg, "A Career in Ruins in Wake
of Iran-Contra Affair,"
New York Times,
June 3, 1988.

392  nominated by the agency for a
Federal Career Service Award:  "Claxton, Wobensmith Are Federal Career
Award Finalists,"
NSAN
(June 1981), p. 7.

392  shown the door: Bill Gertz,
"Superseded General Expected to Resign,"
Washington Times,
February
21, 1988.

393  Joint Chiefs of Staff
unanimously recommended: Stephen Engelberg, "Head of National Security
Agency Plans to Retire,"
New York Times,
February 23, 1988. See
also
Aviation Week and Space Technology
(February 29, 1988), p. 34.

393 "It was made clear to
him": "Superseded General Expected to Resign,"
Washington
Times,
February 21, 1988.

393 "I've had a hell of an
impact": Engelberg,
New York Times'
February 23, 1988;
Aviation
Week and Space Technology
(February 29, 1988).

393 "I think it was just
fortuitous": These quotations are drawn from NSA, Top
Secret/Umbra/Talent/Keyhole/Plus, oral history of Admiral William O. Studeman
(October 18, 1991), pp. 1-12.

393  "It was clear this
agency did not want to spend": ibid.

394  UKUSA Communications
Intelligence Agreement: In 1948 the United States and Canada entered into a
similar bilateral agreement called the CANUSA Agreement.

394 Communications Security
Establishment: See Government of Canada, "50 Years of Service: Agenda for
CSE's 50th Anniversary Year Celebration" (1996). Control of Canadian
Sigint is vested in the Interdepartmental Committee on Security and
Intelligence, under the general direction of the Cabinet Committee on Security
and Intelligence. The ICSI maintains general policy control over all aspects of
the collection, processing, and dissemination of Sigint; it exercises this
control through the Intelligence Advisory Committee for national Sigint, and
through the Canadian Forces for tactical Comint and Elint (Government of
Canada, Intelligence Advisory Committee, Sigint Memorandum No. 1).

The directors of the CBNRC and the
CSE were Ed Drake (1946-1971), Kevin O'Neill (1971-1980), Peter Hunt
(1980-1989), and A. Stewart Woolner (1989—present). Woolner was previously the
CSE's chief of communications security.

396  Among the CSE's listening
posts: Bill Robinson, "Intelligence, Eavesdropping and Privacy: Who
Watches the Listeners?" In Craig McKie,
ed., The System: Crime and
Punishment in Canadian Society: A Reader
(Toronto: Thompson Educational
Publishers).

397  "They spied on the
Mexican trade representative": UPI dispatch, November 14, 1995.

397  "Knowledge is
power": Nomi Morris, "Inside Canada's Most Secret Agency,"
Maclean's,
September 2, 1996, pp. 32-34.

398  "It made us look
ridiculous": This and Tovey's subsequent comments are from Barrie Penrose,
Simon Freeman, Donald Macintyre, "Secret War,"
Sunday Times
(London),
February 5, 1984.

398  "Some sixty percent of
the GCHQ radio operators": Jock Kane, "GCHQ: The Negative Asset"
(unpublished manuscript), p. 61. This manuscript was seized by the British
government under the Official Secrets Act in 1984, and the book was never
published. The author obtained a copy of the manuscript before the seizure.

399  "I was able to spell
out": Donald Macintyre, Barrie Penrose, Simon Freeman, "Peace Moves
in Spy Centre Union Row,"
Sunday Times
(London), n.d.

399  "The massive response to
the strike call": Kane, "GCHQ," p. 114.

400  "the Government
listens": Colin Hughes, "Solidarity Criticizes GCHQ Union Ban,"
The
Independent,
October 12, 1988.

400 "Dependence is
total": Duncan Campbell, "The Parliamentary Bypass Operation,"
New
Statesman
(January 23, 1987), pp. 8—12.

400 NSA broke the Argentine code:
"America's Falklands War,"
The Economist,
March 3, 1984, p.
25.

400 "We can ask the Americans
to do things": Mark Urban, "The Magnum Force,"
Electronic
Telegraph,
September 1, 1996.

400 codenamed Zircon: Campbell,
"Bypass Operation," describes this project.

400  "macho politics":
Campbell, "Bypass Operation."

401  "The UK simply isn't
able": Mark Urban,  "American Satellite Spied on Britain,"
Electronic
Telegraph,
September 1, 1996.

401 Major paid his first visit:
Allan Smith, "Major Visits GCHQ," (U.K.) Press Association Newsfile
(November 25, 1994).

401 the Queen herself: Peter
Archer, "Prince Meets Spycatchers," (U.K.) Press Association Newsfile
(March 7, 1995).

401 6,228 people at its
headquarters: Stephen Bates, "HMSO Reveals Britain Employs 10,766 Spies at
Home and Abroad,"
The Guardian,
March 25, 1994, p. 11.

401  space-age complex: "GCHQ
Opts for Benhall,"
Gloucestershire Echo,
May 7, 1999, pp. 1-2;
Maurice Chittenden and Simon Trump, "GCHQ Ties Up Millions in 'Doughnut,'
"
Sunday Times
(London), August 13, 2000.

402  "We must go back to our
roots with GCHQ": James Bamford, "Loud and Clear: The Most Secret of
Secret Agencies Operates Under Outdated Laws,"
Washington Post
(November
14, 1999).

402 Australian intelligence
documents: Joint Intelligence Organisation, Fourth Annual Report, 1974,
Canberra (November 1974), Part 2, pp. 4-5. (cited in Jeffrey T. Richelson and
Desmond Ball,
The Ties That Bind; Intelligence Cooperation Between the UKUSA
Countries
(Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1985), p. 42.

403  the newest and smallest
member: Nicky Hager,
Secret Power: New Zealand's Role in the International
Spy Network
(Nelson, New Zealand: Craig Potton, 1996), pp. 93-94.

404  Platform: James Bamford,
The
Puzzle Palace: A Report on NSA, America's Most Secret Agency
(Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 1982), p. 102.

404  "We link the world^s
telecommunications": "What is INTELSAT?" INTELSAT home page,
(May 18, 2000).

405  "We grew so fast in the
'80's we got buried": NSA, Top Secret/Umbra, oral history of Robert L.
Prestel (December 21, 1993), p. 14.

Page

406  Details on INTELSAT 707: Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, Mission and Spacecraft Library, INTELSAT 7, 7A.

407  "I know that I have
leaned": letter, Hooper to Carter (July 27, 1969) (Lieutenant General
Marshall S. Carter Papers, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington,
Virginia).

407  "He says, 'Well, look,
you can turn' ": interview with Lieutenant General Marshall S. Carter
(July 17-18, 1980).

408  "satellite
communications processing and reporting": U.S. Air Force,
Air
Intelligence Agency Almanac
(1997).

408 "collection,
identification, exploitation"; FORNSAT (Foreign Satellite Collection):
Chief Warrant Officer 3 Katherine I. O'Neal and Warrant Officer 1 Keith J.
Merryman, "Signals Collection/Identification Analyst (98K) Training,"
Military Intelligence
(July-September 1998), pp. 20-22.

408  "98Ks will 'break'
": ibid.

409  India's nuclear weapons
establishment, for example, uses this method: Seymour M. Hersh, "The
Intelligence Gap,"
The New Yorker,
December 6, 1999, p. 58.

409  Australia's station at
Geraldton: Frank Cranston, "Australia's Plans for New Listening
Post,"
Jane's Defence Weekly
(April 4, 1987), p. 582.

410  Osama bin Laden: interview
with intelligence official.

410  "With regard to
encryption": interview with former government official.