Chinese Comfort Women (43 page)

17
Ibid., 673.

18
For a discussion of the establishment of the Citizens’ Asian Peace Fund for Women and its criticism, see C. Sarah Soh, “Japan’s Responsibility toward Comfort Women Survivors,” Japan Policy Research Institute, University of San Francisco Center for the Pacific Rim,
JPRI Working Paper
77 (May 2001), available at
http://www.jpri.org/
.

19
Chuang Kuo-ming, “Rang zhengyi suxing: Taiwan ‘weianfu’ jishi” [Restore justice: Notes on Taiwanese “comfort women”], in
Taotian zuinie: Erzhan shiqi de Rijun weianfu zhidu
[Monstrous atrocities: The Japanese military comfort women system during the Second World War], ed. Su Zhiliang, Rong Weimu, and Chen Lifei (Shanghai: Xuelin chubanshe, 2000), 378-82; Wang Ching-feng, “Tamen de shangkou shangwei yuhe” [Their wounds have not healed], in Su et al.,
Taotian zuinie
, 384.

20
“Statement of Jan Ruff O’Herne, Surviving Comfort Woman, Friends of Comfort Women in Australia,” hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and the Global Environment of the Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives, 110th Congress, 1st Session, 15 February 2007.

21
Cited from appendix to
Contemporary Forms of Slavery: Systematic Rape, Sexual Slavery and Slavery-Like Practices during Armed Conflict
, final report submitted by Special Rapporteur Gay J. McDougall to United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Session, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/13, 22 June 1998, 39, para. 4.

22
Ibid., 38-55, para 14-30. This is a summary of the relevant points from the appendix of the report.

23
Ibid., 46, para. 31.

24
See also Yoshiaki Yoshimi,
Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military during World War II
, trans. Suzanne O’Brien (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 153-76, for a detailed discussion of how Japan’s setting up of the comfort women system violated international law.

25
The full text of Tong Zeng’s memorandum can be found in Gao Fanfu, “Zhuisuo zhengyi yu zunyan de jiannan suqiu” [The difficult road of seeking justice and dignity]. (PhD diss., Shanghai Normal University, 2006), 229-40. The text is also posted on the website of Zhongguo minjian dui-Ri suopei lianhehui (Association of Chinese civilian war victims seeking compensations from Japan), available at
http://www.cfdc.org.cn/
(viewed 6 June 2012).

26
Li Guping contends that the Chinese government neither informed the Chinese citizens nor consulted with the National People’s Congress – the highest organ of state power, according to the Chinese Constitution – before including in the 1972 Sino-Japanese Joint Communiqué its statement regarding the abandoning of its right to claim war reparations. This occurred in the middle of the infamous Cultural Revolution. See Li Guping’s open letter to the National People’s Congress, “Yige putong gongmin jiu Riben qin-Hua zhan-zheng peichang wenti gei Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui de yifeng gong kaixin” [An
ordinary citizen’s open letter to the National People’s Congress regarding the reparation issues of Japan’s aggressive war in China], in Gao, “Zhuisuo zhengyi yu zunyan de jiannan suqiu,” 217-24.

27
Ibid.

28
Chūgokujin sensō higai baishō seikyū jiken bengodan,
Sajō no shōheki: Chūgokujin sengo hoshō saiban 10 nen no kiseki
[Walls on sands: Tracing the ten years of trials regarding postwar compensation to Chinese people] (Tokyo: Nihon hyōronsha, 2005), 6-7.

29
Wang Lusheng, “Minjian dui-Ri suopei: Tong Zeng de wenzhang yinchu renda daibiao shi ge ti’an” [Citizens demand compensation from Japan: Tong Zeng’s article inspired ten proposals from the representatives of the National People’s Congress], posted on
China. com
on 18 August 2005. Available at
http://news.china.com/
(viewed 5 April 2009). See also Li Xiuping,
Shiwan weianfu
[One hundred thousand comfort women] (Beijing: Renmin Zhongguo chubanshe, 1993), 190-205.

30
Li,
Shiwan weianfu
, 190-93.

31
“Zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhengfu he Ribenguo zhengfu lianhe shengming” [Sino-Japanese Joint Communiqué], 29 September 1972, posted on Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People’s Republic of China, website. Available at
http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/
(viewed 5 April 2009).

32
Cankao xiaoxi
, 25 February 1992.

33
Chūgokujin sensō higai baishō seikyū jiken bengodan,
Sajō no shōheki
, 22.

34
Ōmori Noriko,
Rekishi no jijitsu to mukiatte: Chūgokujin “ianfu” higaisha to tomo ni
[Facing the truth of history: Together with the Chinese “comfort women” victims] (Tokyo: Shin Nihon shuppansha, 2008), 29-33.

35
For detailed information on the event, see Hicks,
Comfort Women
, 254-66.

36
Yuki Terazawa, “The Transnational Campaign for Redress for Wartime Rape by the Japanese Military: Cases for Survivors in Shanxi Province,”
National Women’s Studies Association Journal
18, 3 (2006): 136.

37
Cai Pa, “Fu Heji: Tansuo lishi zhenxiang de ren” [Fu Heji: A man devoted to seeking historical truth], in
Hainan ribao
, 8 May 2005, posted on
Hainanwang
. Available at
http://www.hinews.cn
, (viewed 21 May 2009).

38
“Tamen wei ‘weianfu’ benbo caolao” [They work hard for the “comfort women”], in
Haikou wanbao
, 15 August 2005.

39
Su Shi, “Riben qinlüezhe qiangpo Zhongguo funü zuo Rijun ‘weianfu’ shilu” [Japanese invaders forced Chinese women to be Japanese military “comfort women”],
Kang-Ri zhanzheng yanjiu
1992 (4): 14-23. Gao Xingzu, “Rijun Nanjing qiangjian shijian yu weiansuo de chuxian” [The rapes committed by Japanese forces in Nanjing and the establishment of the confort stations],
Minguo chunqiu
3 (1993), reprinted in Su Zhiliang, et al,
Taotian zuinie
, 123-26; Guan Ning, “Weianfu wenti yu Riben de guojihua” [The “comfort women” issue and its impact on Japan’s relationship with the international community],
Shijieshi yanjiu dongtai
9 (1993): 27-39; and He Ji, “Rijun qiangbi Zhongguo funü wei ‘weianfu’ ziliao zhaibian” [Selected documents concerning the Japanese military forcing Chinese women to be “comfort women”],
Kangri zhanzhen yanjiu
4 (1993): 37-51. For more studies in Chinese on the comfort women issue that have come out since 1993, see the bibliography.

Chapter 10: Litigation on the Part of Chinese Survivors

1
Onodera Toshitaka, “Sengo rokujūnen sasaeru kai jisshūnen: Koremade no ayumi to korekara” [Sixty years after the war and the tenth anniversary of the association for supporting the claims by Chinese war victims: What we have done and what we shall do], posted on the homepage of Chūgokujin sensō higaisha no yōkyū o sasaeru kai [Association
for supporting the claims by Chinese war victims], available at
http://www.suopei.jp
(viewed 5 April 2009).

2
Ibid.

3
Cao Pengcheng, “Zi tao yaobao daili suopei: Ri lüshi bang Zhongguo yuangao daguansi” [Paying out of his own pocket to represent the war victims’ cases: The Japanese lawyer who has helped Chinese plaintiffs with their lawsuits],
Huanqiu shibao
, 24 August 2005.

4
Li Gongjian, “Wei Shanhong: Yi zhengyi gandong Zhongguo” [Oyama Hiroshi: His great sense of justice moved China],
China Reports
, 24 February 2004.

5
Phone interview with Attorney Kang Jian, 7 July 2009.

6
Ōmori Noriko,
Rekishi no jijitsu to mukiatte: Chūgokujin “ianfu” higaisha to tomo ni
[Facing the truth of history: Together with the Chinese “comfort women” victims] (Tokyo: Shin Nihon shuppansha, 2008), 15.

7
He Degong, “Wo weihe ti Zhongguo shouhaizhe bianhu: Fang Ri lüshi Xiaoyesi Lixiao” [Why I have represented Chinese victims: An interview with Japanese attorney Onodera Toshitaka],
Cankao xiaoxi tekan
, posted on
www.news.cn
, 4 August 2005. Available at
http://news.xinhuanet.com/
(viewed 5 April 2009).

8
Yuki Terazawa, “The Transnational Campaign for Redress for Wartime Rape by the Japanese Military: Cases for Survivors in Shanxi Province,”
National Women’s Studies Association Journal
18, 3 (2006): 137.

9
Chen Lifei,
Rijun weianfu zhidu pipan
[A critical analysis of the Japanese military comfort women system] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2006), 365.

10
Chen,
Rijun weianfu zhidu pipan
, 355. Masami Ito’s 2004 report indicates that the amount of compensation demanded is 23 million
yen
. See “High court convenes, snubs sex slave appeal, calls it a day,”
The Japan Times
, December 16, 2004.
http://www.japantimes.co.jp
. According to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, on 1 August 1995, the exchange rate of the Japanese
yen
to one US dollar was 94.7383. See
http://research
. stlouisfed.org (viewed 8 June 2012).

11
Chūgokujin sensō higaisha no yōkyū o sasaeru kai, “Ikiteiru kagiri tatakai tsuzukemasu” [We will continue fighting as long as we live],
web-suopei
, 29 April 2004, available at
http://www.suopei.jp
(viewed 15 October 2010).

12
Phone interview with Attorney Kang Jian, 7 July 2009. See also Chūgokujin sensō higaisha no yōkyū o sasaeru kai, “Chūgokujin ianfu daiichiji soshô saikô hanketsu” [The Supreme Court judgment on the first Chinese comfort women lawsuit],
web-suopei
, 27 April 2007, available at
http://www.suopei.jp
(viewed 15 October 2010).

13
Dwight Daniels, “‘Comfort Women’ Deserve Justice,”
China Daily
, 28 March 2005.
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn
(viewed 8 April, 2009).
The Kyodo News
reports that the plaintiffs sought a combined 46 million
yen
in redress. See “Top Court: No War Redress for Chinese; Rights Void but Abuses Admitted – Suits to Fail,”
Japan Times
online, 28 April 2007, available at
http://search.japantimes.co.jp
(viewed 8 April 2009). According to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, on 1 February 1996, the exchange rate of the Japanese
yen
to one US dollar was 105.7880. See
http://research.stlouisfed.org
(viewed 8 June 2012).

14
Kyodo News
, “Top Court.”

15
Dwight Daniels, “‘Comfort Women’ Deserve Justice.”

16
“Japan Rejects Comfort Women Claims,”
China View
, 19 March 2005, available at
http://news.xinhuanet.com
(viewed 8 April 2009).

17
Masami Ito, “High Court Rejects Sex-Slave Suit: Judge Trots Out Treaty with Nationalists, Statute of Limitations,”
Japan Times
online, 19 March 2005, available at
http://search.japantimes.co.jp
(viewed 8 April 2009).

18
Kyodo News
, “Top Court.”

19
Ibid.

20
“China Blasts Japan Court’s Rejection on WW2 Suits,”
China Daily
online, 28 April 2007, available at
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn
(viewed 8 April 2009).

21
Chen,
Rijun weianfu zhidu pipan
, 362.

22
“Court rejects lawsuit on wartime rape,”
Japan Times
, April 25, 2003. Retrieved from
http://www.japantimes.co.jp
(viewed 8 April 2009).

23
“Zhongguo weianfu yaoqiu Riben zhengfu xiezui susong qingqiu zai zao bohui” [Chinese comfort women’s demand for an apology and compensation from Japanese government is denied again],
Xinhuanet
, 31 March 2005, available at
http://news.xinhuanet.com
(viewed 9 April 2009).

24
Interview with Kang Jian, 8 July 2009.

25
According to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, on 1 July 2001, the exchange rate of the Japanese
yen
to one US dollar was 124.4981. See
http://research.stlouisfed.org
(viewed 8 June 2012).

26
Chūgokujin sensō higai baishō seikyū jiken bengodan,
Sajō no shōheki-Chūgokujin sengo hoshō saiban 10 nen no kiseki
[Walls on sands: Tracing the ten years of trials regarding postwar compensation to Chinese people] (Tokyo: Nihon hyōronsha, 2005), 62-63. In
China View
’s article, “Tokyo Court Rejects Damages Suit Filed by WWII Chinese Sex Slaves,” posted on
China View
, 2 March 2009, the plaintiffs’ demand for compensation is reported as 23 million
yen
. See
http://news.xinhuanet.com
.

27
“Litigation on Comfort Women Wins Support,”
China Daily
, 20 March 2006, available at
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn
(viewed 6 April 2009).