Citizen Emperor (172 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 32 . | Ouvrard, 1809: les Français à Vienne , pp. 99–105. |
| 33 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , pp. 699–700; Parker, Three Napoleonic Battles , pp. 57–8. |
| 34 . | Robert M. Epstein, ‘Patterns of Change and Continuity in Nineteenth-Century Warfare’, Journal of Military History , 56:3 (1992), 375–88. Figures in Charles-Gaspard-Louis Saski, Campagne de 1809 en Allemagne et en Autriche , 4 vols (Paris, 1899–1902), iii. p. 380 n. 1; Jean Thiry, Wagram (Paris, 1966), p. 140; Parker, Three Napoleonic Battles , p. 82. |
| 35 . | Jean-Michel Chevalier, Souvenirs des guerres napoléoniennes (Paris, 1970), p. 108, who claims he let out a long ‘cry of pain’ ( cri de douleur ); Chaptal, Mes souvenirs sur Napoléon , p. 252. See also Brian Joseph Martin, Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century France (Durham, NH, 2011), pp. 41–7 |
| 36 . | Dominique-Jean Larrey, Mémoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes , 4 vols (Paris, 1812–17), iii. pp. 282–5. |
| 37 . | Chevalier, Souvenirs , p. 108. |
| 38 . | Cited in Patrick Turnbull, Napoleon’s Second Empress (London, 1971), p. 26. |
| 39 . | Stamm-Kuhlmann, König in Preußens großer Zeit , pp. 289–90. |
| 40 . | Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. pp. 83–5. |
| 41 . | Savary, Mémoires , iv. p. 147. |
| 42 . | On this point, Hauterive, La police secrète du premier Empire , v. pp. 99–100 (30 June 1809); Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , p. 202. |
| 43 . | Chastenay, Mémoires , ii. p. 97. |
| 44 . | Cited in Boudon, Le roi Jérôme , pp. 340–1. |
| 45 . | Boigne, Récits d’une tante , i. pp. 291–2. |
| 46 . | On the battle of Wagram see Petre, Napoleon and the Archduke Charles , pp. 351–79; Thiry, Wagram ; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , pp. 677–94; Robert M. Epstein, Napoleon’s Last Victory and the Emergence of Modern War (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), pp. 129–70; Rothenberg, Napoleon’s Great Adversary , pp. 208–16; Gill, 1809: Thunder on the Danube , iii. pp. 185–264 . |
| 47 . | Ouvrard, 1809: les Français à Vienne , pp. 163–6. |
| 48 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 1121. |
| 49 . | Petre, Napoleon and the Archduke Charles , pp. 360–1. |
| 50 . | Corr. xix. n. 15505 (8 July 1809), which states that 1,500 were killed and 3,000 or 4,000 wounded. |
| 51 . | Thiry, Wagram , p. 188. |
| 52 . | Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. p. 89. |
| 53 . | Angeli, Erzherzog Carl , iv. pp. 553–64. |
| 54 . | On the changing nature of battle see Marie-Cécile Thoral, From Valmy to Waterloo: France at War, 1792–1815 (Basingstoke, 2011), pp. 14–20. |
| 55 . | There are two exceptions: one is a painting by Gros, commissioned by Berthier, who was, after all, given the title ‘Prince of Wagram’ (Brunner, Antoine-Jean Gros , pp. 296–302); the other a painting passed to Carle Vernet and never completed (O’Brien, After the Revolution , pp. 124, 181–2). Even then, it was a private and not an official commission. |
| 56 . | One such example was the construction of a panorama in Paris, which one critic described as having been so real that he was ‘transported to the scene’ (Maurice Samuels, ‘Realizing the Past: History and the Spectacle in Balzac’s Adieu ’, Representations , 79 (2002), 86). |
| 57 . | Corr. xix. n. 15894 (3 October 1809); Nicolet, La fabrique d’une nation , p. 147. |
| 58 . | Serge Tatistcheff, Alexandre Ier et Napoléon, d’après leur correspondance inédite, 1801–1812 (Paris, 1891), pp. 465–500; Thiry, Wagram , pp. 112–14; Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. p. 73. |
| 59 . | Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre , ii. pp. 95–6; Rey, Alexandre Ier , pp. 262–3. |
| 60 . | Domokos Kosáry, Napoléon et la Hongrie (Budapest, 1979), pp. 51–3. Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , pp. 282, 366; Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy , pp. 236–7. |
| 61 . | Corr. xix. n. 15215 (15 May 1809); Kosáry, Napoléon et la Hongrie , pp. 53, 67–71, 75. The Hungarian political elite rejected the proposition. |
| 62 . | Beer, Zehn Jahre österreichischer Politik , p. 427; Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. p. 91. |
| 63 . | Scott, Birth of a Great Power System , p. 343. According to Sked, Radetzky , p. 30, Napoleon attempted to ruin Austrian finances by flooding the country with 300 million Gulden in counterfeit notes, but I have been unable to verify this claim. |
| 64 . | Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. p. 119. |
| 65 . | Cited in Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. p. 119. |
| 66 . | Dunan, Napoléon et l’Allemagne , pp. 260–3; Sked, Radetzky , p. 27. |
| 67 . | Rapp, Mémoires , pp. 112–17; Ernst Borkowsky, ‘Das Schönbrunner Attentat im Jahr 1809 nach unveröfentlichten Quellen’, Die Grenzboten. Blätter für Deutschland und Belgien , 57:4 (1898), 293–301; Tulard, Napoléon: Jeudi 12 octobre 1809 , pp. 85–130; and Jean Tulard, ‘Les attentats contre Napoléon’, Revue du Souvenir napoléonien , 391 (1993), 13–14. |
| 68 . | Tulard, Murat , p. 158. |
| 69 . | On relations between Napoleon and Pius VII see Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , i. pp. 481–500. |
| 70 . | Corr. xi. n. 9656 (7 January 1805). |
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