Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (136 page)

2
. L. Scales,
The Shaping of German Identity
(Cambridge, 2012), pp.396, 414–15.

3
. The sense of difference is clear from contemporary Christian accounts of Slavic beliefs, e.g. Thietmar of Merseburg,
Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg
, ed. D. A. Warner (Manchester, 2001), pp.252–4. See also A. Angenendt,
Liudger. Missionar – Abt – Bischof im frühen Mittelalter
(Münster, 2005), pp.32–46; D. Třeštík, ‘The baptism of the Czech princes in 845 and the Christianization of the Slavs’, in
Historica: Historical Sciences in the Czech Republic
(Prague, 1995), pp.7–59.

4
. K. Barkey,
Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective
(Cambridge, 2008), pp.109–53.

5
. S. P. Huntington,
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
(London, 1996).

6
. J. van Engen, ‘The Christian Middle Ages as an historiographical problem’,
AHR
, 91 (1986), 519–52.

7
. As claimed by R. McKitterick,
Charlemagne
(Cambridge, 2008), Chapter 5.

8
. T. Reuter, ‘Plunder and tribute in the Carolingian empire’,
TRHS
, 5th series, 35 (1985), 75–94; J. Laudage et al.,
Die Zeit der Karolinger
(Darmstadt, 2006), pp.166–72.

9
. R. Collins,
Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000
(Basingstoke, 1991), pp.321–2.

10
. T. Reuter, ‘Carolingian and Ottonian warfare’, in M. Keen (ed.),
Medieval Warfare
(Oxford, 1999), pp.13–35 at 31.

11
. C. H. Lawrence,
Medieval Monasticism
(2nd ed., London, 1989), p.71.

12
. See the account of Hermann’s friend and biographer, Berthold, in I. S. Robinson (ed.),
Eleventh-Century Germany
(Manchester, 2008), pp.108–12.

13
. M. Innes, ‘Franks and Slavs c.700–1000’,
EME
, 6 (1997), 201–16; S. Coupland, ‘From poachers to gamekeepers: Scandinavian warlords and Carolingian kings’,
EME
, 7 (1998), 85–114. See more generally T. Reuter, ‘Charlemagne and the world beyond the Rhine’, in J. Story (ed.),
Charlemagne
(Manchester, 2005), pp.183–94; M. Costambeys et al.,
The Carolingian World
(Cambridge, 2011), pp.80–153.

14
. R. McKitterick,
The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians
(Harlow, 1983), pp.109–24; Lawrence,
Medieval Monasticism
, pp.22, 74–82.

15
. C. I. Hammer Jr, ‘Country churches, clerical inventories and the Carolingian Renaissance in Bavaria’,
Church History
, 49 (1980), 5–17.

16
. I. Wood,
The Missionary Life: Saints and the Evangelisation of Europe, 400–1050
(Harlow, 2001).

17
. A. Angenendt (ed.),
Geschichte des Bistums Münster
(5 vols., Münster, 1998), I, pp.131–43.

18
. W. Kohl (ed.),
Bistum Münster
(Berlin, 2000), pp.1–24; H.-J. Weiers,
Studien zur Geschichte des Bistums Münster im Mittelalter
(Cologne, 1984), pp.3–19. In addition to Angenendt’s biography of Liudger, see also B. Senger,
Liudger. Leben und Werk
(Münster, 1984); G. Isenberg and R. Rommé (eds.),
805: Liudger wird Bischof
(Münster, 2005).

19
. G. Althoff,
Die Ottonen
(2nd ed., Stuttgart, 2005), pp.17–18.

20
. For Otto I’s requisitioning of Roman relics to support German missions, see Thietmar of Merseburg,
Chronicon
, pp.103–4.

21
. Althoff,
Die Ottonen
, p.151. The destruction of the Slav rising is recounted by Thietmar of Merseburg,
Chronicon
, pp.141–3. For Cotrone see pp.191–345.

22
. The political dimensions of this and Hungary’s parallel experience are covered on pp.204–7.

23
. C. Stiegemann and M. Wemhoff (eds.),
799: Kunst und Kultur der Karolingerzeit. Karl der Große und Papst Leo III
.
in Paderborn
(3 vols., Mainz, 1999).

24
. Bohemia had been assigned since 950 to the bishopric of Regensburg. For Otto’s creation of Magdeburg, see Althoff,
Die Ottonen
, pp.119–22, 128–33; M. Becher,
Otto der Große
(Munich, 2012), pp.197–203, 242–5, 252–3.

25
. Thietmar of Merseburg,
Chronicon
, pp.140–42.

26
. G. Althoff,
Otto III
(Philadelphia, 2003), pp.62–5, and his
Die Ottonen
, pp.179–89, 210–11.

27
. R. W. Southern,
Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages
(Harmondsworth, 1970), p.171; Costambeys et al.,
Carolingian World
, p.172. Most archbishops oversaw four to six bishoprics, except the archbishop of Mainz, whose archdiocese contained 16 bishoprics by the eleventh century.

28
. R. Morrissey,
Charlemagne and France
(Notre Dame, IN, 2003), p.305.

29
. J. W. Bernhardt,
Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c.936–1075
(Cambridge, 1993), pp.149–61.

30
. H. Lorenz,
Werdegang von Stift und Stadt Quedlinburg
(Quedlinburg, 1922).

31
. I. Wood, ‘Entrusting western Europe to the church, 400–750’,
TRHS
, 6th series, 23 (2013), 37–74.

32
. S. MacLean (ed.),
History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europ: The Chronicle of Regino of Prüm and Adalbert of Magdeburg
(Manchester, 2009), p.5; W. Rösener,
The Peasantry of Europe
(Oxford, 1994), p.39; B. H. Hill Jr,
Medieval Monarchy in Action
(London, 1972), p.164.

33
. J. Eldevik,
Episcopal Power and Ecclesiastical Reform in the German Empire: Tithes, Lordship and Community, 950–1150
(Cambridge, 2012).

34
. Althoff,
Die Ottonen
, p.235.

35
. M. Innes,
State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400–1000
(Cambridge, 2000), pp.18–30; H. J. Hummer,
Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe: Alsace and the Frankish Realm, 600–1000
(Cambridge, 2005), pp.38–55.

36
. F.-R. Erkens, ‘Die Bistumsorganisation in den Diözesen Trier und Köln’, in S. Weinfurter (ed.),
Die Salier und das Reich
(3 vols., Sigmaringen, 1991), II, pp.267–302; Innes,
State and Society
, p.43; Hummer,
Politics and Power
, pp.72–6. See generally S. Reynolds,
Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300
(2nd ed., Oxford, 1997), pp.79–90.

37
. P. Blickle,
Das Alte Europa. Vom Hochmittelalter bis zur Moderne
(Munich, 2008), p.92; B. Kümin,
The Communal Age in Western Europe, c.1100–1800
(Basingstoke, 2013), pp.51, 55.

38
. R. Schieffer, ‘Der ottonische Reichsepiskopat zwischen Königtum und Adel’,
FMS
, 23 (1989), 291–301; L. Santifaller,
Zur Geschichte des ottonisch-salischen Reichskirchensystems
(2nd ed., Vienna, 1964).

39
. T. Reuter, ‘The “imperial church system” of the Ottonian and Salian rulers: A reconsideration’,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
, 33 (1982), 347–74.

40
. O. Engels, ‘Das Reich der Salier – Entwicklungslinien’, in Weinfurter (ed.),
Die Salier und das Reich
, III, pp.479–541 at 516–33.

41
. H. L. Mikoletzky,
Kaiser Heinrich II. und die Kirche
(Vienna, 1946), pp.41ff.

42
. H. Zielinski,
Der Reichsepiskopat in spätottonischer und salischer Zeit (1002–1125)
(Stuttgart, 1984), esp. p.243. For the church under the Salians, see also Weinfurter (ed.),
Die Salier und das Reich
, II, and H. Wolfram,
Conrad II, 990–1039
(University Park, PA, 2006), pp.249–307. The
ministeriales
are discussed on pp.347–8.

43
. For Meinward, see W. Leesch and P. Schubert,
Heimatchronik des Kreises Höxter
(Cologne, 1966), p.170. See also Althoff,
Die Ottonen
, pp.234–5; S. Weinfurter,
The Salian Century
(Philadelphia, 1999), p.57.

44
. Weinfurter,
The Salian Century
, pp.63–7.

45
. S. Weinfurter, ‘Herrschaftslegitimation und Königsautorität im Wandel: Die Salier und ihr Dom zu Speyer’, in Weinfurter (ed.),
Die Salier und das Reich
, I, pp.55–96.

46
. G. Jenel,
Erzbischof Anno II. von Köln (1056–75) und sein politische Wirken
(2 vols., Stuttgart, 1974–5), I, pp.175–95; I. S. Robinson,
Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106
(Cambridge, 1999), pp.43–4.

47
. Jenel,
Erzbischof Anno
, II, pp.303–11.

48
. B. Schütte,
König Konrad III. und der deutschen Reichsepiskopat
(Hamburg, 2004), p.102. For an example of the chapters’ development, see L. G. Duggan,
Bishop and Chapter: The Governance of the Bishopric of Speyer to 1552
(New Brunswick, NJ, 1978), pp.11–83, and the discussion on pp.371–2. For France, see J. Bergin,
Crown, Church and Episcopate under Louis XIV
(New Haven, CT, 2004).

49
. K. Zeumer (ed.),
Quellensammlung zur Geschichte der deutschen Reichsverfassung in Mittelalter und Neuzeit
(Tübingen, 1913), pp.42–4. See also pp.359–60.

50
. U. Andermann, ‘Die unsittlichen und disziplinlosen Kanonissen. Ein Topos und seine Hintergründe, aufgezeigt an Beispielen sächsischer Frauenstifte (11.–13. Jh.)’,
WZ
, 146 (1996), 39–63. For the wider trends, see also pp.356–77.

51
. M. Burleigh,
Germany Turns Eastwards: A Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich
(Cambridge, 1988). For early colonization, see M. Rady, ‘The German settlement in central and eastern Europe during the high Middle Ages’, in R. Bartlett and K. Schönwälder (eds.),
The German Lands and Eastern Europe
(London, 1999), pp.11–47.

52
. Bartlett,
Making of Europe
, pp.106–96.

53
. K. Blaschke,
Bevölkerungsgeschichte von Sachsen bis zur industriellen Revolution
(Weimar, 1967), pp.65–6, 70, 77–8.

54
. These connections are nicely illustrated in P. R. Magocsi,
Historical Atlas of Central Europe
(2nd ed., Seattle, 2002), pp.37–41. See also Bartlett,
Making of Europe
, pp.172–7.