The New Jim Crow (51 page)

Authors: Michelle Alexander

BOOK: The New Jim Crow

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59
See Derrick Bell, “
Brown v. Board of Education
and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma,” Harvard Law Review 93 (1980): 518, 525; David J. Armor,
Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 174- 93, 206-7; and Robert J. Norrell, “Labor at the Ballot Box: Alabama Politics from the New Deal to the Dixiecrat Movement,”
Journal of Southern History
57 (May 1991): 201, 227, 233, 234.

60
W.E.B. Du Bois,
The Souls of Black Folk
(1903; New York: Bantam, 1989).

61
For a more detailed exploration of Martin Luther King Jr.’s journey from civil rights to human rights, see Thomas F. Jackson,
From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Struggle for Economic Justice
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006); and Stewart Burns,
To the Mountaintop: Martin Luther King Jr.’s Sacred Mission to Save America
(New York: Harper One, 2005).

62
For background on the nature, structure, and history of human rights, see Cynthia Soohoo et al., eds.,
Bringing Human Rights Home
, vol. 1 (New York: Praeger, 2007).

63
Stewart Burns, “America, You Must Be Born Again,”
Sojourners
33, no. 1, (Jan. 2004): 14.

64
James Baldwin,
The Fire Next Time
(New York: Vintage, 1962, 1993), 5-10.

Index

affirmative action; and black exceptionalism; and colorblindness; and minority police officers/police chiefs; and poor and working-class whites

Alexander v. Sandoval

All of Us or None

American Apartheid
(Massey and Denton)

American Bar Association (ABA)

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): class action lawsuit against California Highway Patrol; Drug Law Reform Project; Racial Justice Project

American Correctional Association

The American Dilemma
(Myrdal)

The Anatomy of Racial Inequality
(Loury)

Angelos, Weldon

Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986/1988)

Arbitrary Justice: The Power of the American Prosecutor
(Davis)

Armstrong, Christopher Lee

Armstrong v. United States

Atwater v. City of Lago Vista

The Audacity of Hope
(Obama)

Bacon’s Rebellion

Baldus, David, and Baldus study

Baldwin, James

Ball, Johnny Lee

Ban the Box campaigns

Banks, Tyra

Bascuas, Ricardo

Batson v. Kentucky

Beckett, Katherine

Bell, Derrick

Bennett, Lerone, Jr.

bias, racial: implicit/explicit (conscious/ unconscious); and plea bargaining; and prosecutors

Biden, Joe

“birdcage” metaphor and structural racism

black churches

black codes and vagrancy laws

black exceptionalism

Blackmon, Douglas

blaxploitation

Blumenson, Eric

Boggs Act (1951)

Bostick, Terrance

Boyd, Marcus

Braman, Donald

Brennan, Justice William

British Society for the Abolition of Slavery

Brown, James

Brown v. Board of Education

Bryant, Scott

Burton, Susan

Bush, George H.W.

Bush, George W.

Byrd, Robert

Byrne grant program

Cahill, Clyde

California Highway Patrol (CHP)

California v. Acevedo

California’s Proposition

Campbell, Richard

Capital Times
(Madison, Wisconsin)

Carroll, David

Carrollton bus disaster (1988)

Cato Institute

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Chain Reaction
(Edsall and Edsall)

Chemerinsky, Erwin

Cheney, Dick

Chicago, Illinois: ex-offenders; police presence in ghetto communities; re-entry programs

child-support debts

chokeholds, lethal

Chunn, Gwendolyn

Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act (2000)

Civil Rights Act (1866)

Civil Rights Act (1964); Title VI

civil rights advocacy, future of; changing the culture of law enforcement; collective denial by civil rights advocates; dismantling the mass incarceration system; and flawed public consensus; grassroots activism by formerly incarcerated men and women; human rights paradigm/ approach; Obama presidency; poor and working-class whites; and problem of colorblind advocacy; reconsidering affirmative action; reform work and movement building; reluctance to advocate on behalf of criminals; and sentencing; and trickle-down theories of racial justice

Civil Rights Movement; backlash against; and black people who defied racial stereotypes; desegregation protests; and economic justice; and end of Jim Crow system; and federal legislation; and human rights approach; initial resistance from some African Americans; and King’s call for complete restructuring of society; Poor People’s Movement

civil rights organizations/community; collective denial by; professionalization and conversion of grassroots movement into legal crusade; reluctance to advocate on behalf of criminals.
See also
civil rights advocacy, future of

Clary, Edward

Clinton, Bill/Clinton administration; federal drug programs; marijuana use; militarization of War on Drugs; public housing and eviction rules; “tough on crime” policies/legislation; and War on Drugs; welfare reform legislation

Cloward, Richard

cognitive bias research

Cohen, Cathy

Cohen, Stanley

Cohen, William

Cole, David

Coley, Rebekah Levine

colorblindness; and affirmative action; and black exceptionalism; and “interracial racial caste system,”; and mass incarceration; problem of flawed pursuit of; Reagan’s racialized campaign rhetoric; resisting temptation to ignore race in advocacy; and U.S. Constitution; and whites’ reluctance to acknowledge race

Colvin, Claudette

Common (rap artist)

Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevent and Control Act (1970)

Congressional Black Caucus (CBC)

consent searches and traffic stops

conservative philosophy of race relations (Reconstruction era)

conspiracy theories and War on Drugs

Constitution, U.S..
See also individual amendments

Corrections Corporation of America

Cosby, Bill

Cotton, Jarvious

crack cocaine; conspiracy theories; and drunk driving campaigns; hundred-to-one ratio; media campaign; and outdoor drug activity/open-air drug markets; and prosecutors’ extraordinary discretion; and racially discriminatory sentencing; and Reagan’s drug war

crime and “get tough” policies; black support for; and Clinton administration; and mass incarceration system; and white voters

crime rates; crime reduction and incarceration rates; drug crime; and joblessness; violent crime

“criminalblackman,”

Criminology
(journal)

Davis, Angela J.

death penalty: Baldus study findings; and drug-related offenses; and legal advocacy; and Obama; racial bias in sentencing

Declaration of Independence

deindustrialization

Democratic Party

denial, collective; “birdcage” metaphor and structural racism; by civil rights advocates; and mass incarceration of black men

Denton, Nancy

Diallo, Amadou

disenfranchisement.
See
voting rights

dogs, drug-sniffing

Doing Time on the Outside
(Braman)

Douglas, Justice William O.

Douglass, Frederick

Drake, Clinton

Dred Scott v. Sanford

driver’s licenses

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA); antidrug spending; cash grants/federal aid to law enforcement; “drug-courier profiles,”; Operation Pipeline

drug forfeiture laws; creation of an “innocent owner,”; and police shakedowns and seizures; and Reform Act (2000)

Drug Reform Act (1986)

drug treatment, mandated

drug use, arrests, and conviction rates: cities and demographic differences; prison admissions for drug offenses; and rates of illegal drug use; and whites; and youths

“drug-courier profiles,”

drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; cognitive bias research; consent searches and traffic stops; crack cases; and drug forfeiture laws; “drug-courier profiles,”; financial incentives to law enforcement; and Fourth Amendment; and ghettos; and jury selection; outdoor drug activity/open-air drug markets; paramilitary drug raids and police SWAT teams; police training programs; and police/police departments; pretext traffic stops; and prosecutorial discretion; race as factor in police decision making; racial profiling by police; racially discriminatory sentencing; searches and seizures with unreasonable suspicion; sociological research on; Supreme Court and claims of racial bias; traffic stops; and the War on Drugs

drunk driving, campaigns addressing

Du Bois, W.E.B.

Dukakis, Michael

Dyson, Michael Eric

Ebony
magazine

Economic Opportunities Bill (1964)

Edsall, Mary

Edsall, Thomas

education and racial caste system

Eighteenth Amendment

Eighth Amendment