When China Rules the World (83 page)
Read When China Rules the World Online
Authors: Jacques Martin
Tags: #History, #Asia, #China, #Political Science, #International Relations, #General
2
. Paul A. Cohen,
Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 79.
. Paul A. Cohen,
Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 79.
3
. Ibid., pp. 81, 151-2; Huang Ping, ‘“Beijing Consensus”, or “Chinese Experiences”, or What?’, unpublished paper, 2005, pp. 5-8; Zheng Yongnian,
Will China Become Democratic?: Elite, Class and Regime Transition
(Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2004), p. 85.
. Ibid., pp. 81, 151-2; Huang Ping, ‘“Beijing Consensus”, or “Chinese Experiences”, or What?’, unpublished paper, 2005, pp. 5-8; Zheng Yongnian,
Will China Become Democratic?: Elite, Class and Regime Transition
(Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2004), p. 85.
4
. Jacques Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 103-6; Jared Diamond,
Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years
(London: Vintage, 1998), pp. 323; also pp. 413-16.
. Jacques Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 103-6; Jared Diamond,
Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years
(London: Vintage, 1998), pp. 323; also pp. 413-16.
6
. Ibid., pp. 80, 114, 116, 120.
. Ibid., pp. 80, 114, 116, 120.
10
. Ibid., pp. 51, 106; Nicholas Ostler,
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World
(London: HarperCollins, 2005), p. 171; for successive historical examples of this phenomenon, see Lovell,
The Great Wall
.
. Ibid., pp. 51, 106; Nicholas Ostler,
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World
(London: HarperCollins, 2005), p. 171; for successive historical examples of this phenomenon, see Lovell,
The Great Wall
.
12
. Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, pp. 14-15, 265-6; Fairbank and Goldman,
China
, pp. 168-9.
. Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, pp. 14-15, 265-6; Fairbank and Goldman,
China
, pp. 168-9.
14
. Fairbank and Goldman,
China
, pp. 89, 167-9; Maddison,
The WorldEcono-my: A Millennial Perspective
(Paris: OECD, 2006), p. 42.
. Fairbank and Goldman,
China
, pp. 89, 167-9; Maddison,
The WorldEcono-my: A Millennial Perspective
(Paris: OECD, 2006), p. 42.
16
. Ibid., pp. 176-7.
. Ibid., pp. 176-7.
20
. Ibid., Chapter 15, especially pp. 331-41, 347-8; Fairbank and Goldman,
China
, pp. 88, 93-5, 101-2.
. Ibid., Chapter 15, especially pp. 331-41, 347-8; Fairbank and Goldman,
China
, pp. 88, 93-5, 101-2.
23
. Ibid., pp. 204-25; David S. Landes,
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
(London: Little, Brown, 1998), pp. 93-8; Lovell,
The Great Wall
, pp. 183-4.
. Ibid., pp. 204-25; David S. Landes,
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
(London: Little, Brown, 1998), pp. 93-8; Lovell,
The Great Wall
, pp. 183-4.
26
. Edward L. Dreyer,
Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405
-
1433
(New York: Pearson Longman, 2007), pp. 166-71.
. Edward L. Dreyer,
Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405
-
1433
(New York: Pearson Longman, 2007), pp. 166-71.
27
. See Chapter 7.
. See Chapter 7.
30
. Quoted by Andre Gunder Frank,
ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), p. 279. See Giovanni Arrighi,
Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-First Century
(London: Verso, 2007), pp. 25-6, 58-9, 69.
. Quoted by Andre Gunder Frank,
ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), p. 279. See Giovanni Arrighi,
Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-First Century
(London: Verso, 2007), pp. 25-6, 58-9, 69.
31
. R. Bin Wong,
China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience
(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2000), p. 27. ‘Until about 1800,’ argues Andre Gunder Frank, ‘the world economy was by no stretch of the imagination European-centred nor in any significant way defined by or marked by any European-born “capitalism” - it was preponderantly Asian-based.’ Frank,
ReOrient
, pp. 276-7.
. R. Bin Wong,
China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience
(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2000), p. 27. ‘Until about 1800,’ argues Andre Gunder Frank, ‘the world economy was by no stretch of the imagination European-centred nor in any significant way defined by or marked by any European-born “capitalism” - it was preponderantly Asian-based.’ Frank,
ReOrient
, pp. 276-7.
34
. James Kynge,
China Shakes the World: The Rise of a Hungry Nation
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006), pp. 131-2.
. James Kynge,
China Shakes the World: The Rise of a Hungry Nation
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006), pp. 131-2.
36
. Ibid., pp. 281-2; Bin Wong,
China Transformed
, pp. 34, 41-4, 49; Mark Elvin, ‘The Historian as Haruspex’,
New Left Review
, 52, July-August 2008, p. 96.
. Ibid., pp. 281-2; Bin Wong,
China Transformed
, pp. 34, 41-4, 49; Mark Elvin, ‘The Historian as Haruspex’,
New Left Review
, 52, July-August 2008, p. 96.
39
. It can also be argued that if, like Europe, China had been composed of a group of competitive nation-states, this would have made governance rather less forbidding and might also, at times, have stimulated greater innovation; Lucian W. Pye,
Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimensions of Authority
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 64.
. It can also be argued that if, like Europe, China had been composed of a group of competitive nation-states, this would have made governance rather less forbidding and might also, at times, have stimulated greater innovation; Lucian W. Pye,
Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimensions of Authority
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 64.
42
. Michio Morishima,
Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’: Western Technology and the Japanese Ethos
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 12; Lovell,
The Great Wall
, pp. 148-9.
. Michio Morishima,
Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’: Western Technology and the Japanese Ethos
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 12; Lovell,
The Great Wall
, pp. 148-9.
43
. Angus Maddison,
Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, Second Edition, Revised and Updated: 960
-
2030 AD
(Paris: OECD, 2007), pp. 24-6.
. Angus Maddison,
Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, Second Edition, Revised and Updated: 960
-
2030 AD
(Paris: OECD, 2007), pp. 24-6.
45
. Ibid., p. 97.
. Ibid., p. 97.
46
. Ibid., p. 96.
. Ibid., p. 96.
47
. Ibid., p. 97.
. Ibid., p. 97.
48
. Ibid., p. 99; quote is p. 97.
. Ibid., p. 99; quote is p. 97.
49
. Ruth Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture
(London: Secker and Warburg, 1947), p. 49.
. Ruth Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture
(London: Secker and Warburg, 1947), p. 49.
51
. Ibid., p. 90.
. Ibid., p. 90.
52
. Fairbank and Goldman,
China
, pp. 40, 48; Karel van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation
(New York: Vintage, 1990), pp. 241-2.
. Fairbank and Goldman,
China
, pp. 40, 48; Karel van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation
(New York: Vintage, 1990), pp. 241-2.
55
. The nature of the tributary system, and its relationships, is discussed fully in Chapter 10.
. The nature of the tributary system, and its relationships, is discussed fully in Chapter 10.
56
. Ibid., pp. 93-5.
. Ibid., pp. 93-5.
58
. Ibid., p. 18.
. Ibid., p. 18.
60
. Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, pp. 546-65;Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, pp. 171-80; Bin Wong,
China Transformed
, p. 155.
. Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, pp. 546-65;Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, pp. 171-80; Bin Wong,
China Transformed
, p. 155.
62
. Zheng Yangwen, ‘“Peaceful Rise of China” After “Century of Unequal Treaties”? How History Might Matter in the Future’, pp. 2, 7, in Anthony Reid and Zheng Yangwen, eds,
Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia
(Singapore: NUS Press, 2009); Suisheng Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), p. 48. For good reason, in both Japan and China the treaties imposed by the foreign powers were known as the unequal treaties.
. Zheng Yangwen, ‘“Peaceful Rise of China” After “Century of Unequal Treaties”? How History Might Matter in the Future’, pp. 2, 7, in Anthony Reid and Zheng Yangwen, eds,
Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia
(Singapore: NUS Press, 2009); Suisheng Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), p. 48. For good reason, in both Japan and China the treaties imposed by the foreign powers were known as the unequal treaties.
63
. Peter C. Perdue,
China Marches West
(Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 554.
. Peter C. Perdue,
China Marches West
(Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 554.
64
. Bin Wong,
China Transformed
, pp. 89, 154; Lucian W. Pye,
The Spirit of Chinese Politics
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 234.
. Bin Wong,
China Transformed
, pp. 89, 154; Lucian W. Pye,
The Spirit of Chinese Politics
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 234.
68
. The missionaries attracted a great deal of hostility from the Chinese; Cohen,
Discovering History in China
, p. 45.
. The missionaries attracted a great deal of hostility from the Chinese; Cohen,
Discovering History in China
, p. 45.
69
. The psychological and intellectual impact of the foreign presence on the Chinese population was profound; ibid., pp. 141-2.
. The psychological and intellectual impact of the foreign presence on the Chinese population was profound; ibid., pp. 141-2.
71
. Cohen,
Discovering History in China
, pp. 23-43; Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, pp. 566-74; Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, pp. 223-9; Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, p. 53.
. Cohen,
Discovering History in China
, pp. 23-43; Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, pp. 566-74; Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, pp. 223-9; Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, p. 53.
73
. Ibid., pp. 22-4, 29-30, 32, 56-7; C. A. Bayly,
The Birth of the Modern World 1780
-
1914: Global Connections and Comparisons
(Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), p. 179; Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, pp. 590-98; Tong Shijun, ‘Dialectics of Modernisation’, Chapter 5, unpublished PhD, University of Bergen, 1994.
. Ibid., pp. 22-4, 29-30, 32, 56-7; C. A. Bayly,
The Birth of the Modern World 1780
-
1914: Global Connections and Comparisons
(Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), p. 179; Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, pp. 590-98; Tong Shijun, ‘Dialectics of Modernisation’, Chapter 5, unpublished PhD, University of Bergen, 1994.
74
. Zheng Yongnian,
Will China Become Democratic?: Elite, Class and Regime Transition
(Singapore: EAI , 2004), p. 85.
. Zheng Yongnian,
Will China Become Democratic?: Elite, Class and Regime Transition
(Singapore: EAI , 2004), p. 85.
77
. Sun Shuyun,
The Long March
(London: HarperPress, 2006), for an account of this remarkable episode.
. Sun Shuyun,
The Long March
(London: HarperPress, 2006), for an account of this remarkable episode.
81
. Ibid., p. 132.
. Ibid., p. 132.
82
. Meghnad Desai, ‘India and China: An Essay in Comparative Political Economy’, seminar paper, Asia Research Centre, London School of Economics, 2003, p. 5; revised version available to download from
www.imf.org
.
. Meghnad Desai, ‘India and China: An Essay in Comparative Political Economy’, seminar paper, Asia Research Centre, London School of Economics, 2003, p. 5; revised version available to download from
www.imf.org
.
83
. Cohen,
Discovering History in China
, p. 132; Bin Wong,
China Transformed
, p. 200; Lovell,
The Great Wall
, pp. 219, 242.
. Cohen,
Discovering History in China
, p. 132; Bin Wong,
China Transformed
, p. 200; Lovell,
The Great Wall
, pp. 219, 242.
87
. Fairbank and Goldman,
China
, Chapters 16, 17; Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, Chapters 17, 18; Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, Chapter 30.
. Fairbank and Goldman,
China
, Chapters 16, 17; Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, Chapters 17, 18; Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, Chapter 30.
90
. Ibid., p. 117.
. Ibid., p. 117.
93
. Wang Gungwu, ‘Rationalising China’s Place in Asia, 1800-2005: Beyond the Literati Consensus’, p. 5, in Reid and Zheng,
Negotiating Asymmetry
.
. Wang Gungwu, ‘Rationalising China’s Place in Asia, 1800-2005: Beyond the Literati Consensus’, p. 5, in Reid and Zheng,
Negotiating Asymmetry
.
95
. Ibid., pp. 70, 194-7, 205.
. Ibid., pp. 70, 194-7, 205.
96
. Wang Gungwu, ‘Rationalizing China’s Place in Asia’, in Reid and Zheng,
Negotiating Asymmetry
, p. 5.
. Wang Gungwu, ‘Rationalizing China’s Place in Asia’, in Reid and Zheng,
Negotiating Asymmetry
, p. 5.
98
. Elvin, ‘The Historian as Haruspex’, pp. 89, 104.
. Elvin, ‘The Historian as Haruspex’, pp. 89, 104.
100
. Ibid., pp. 603, 610-12.
. Ibid., pp. 603, 610-12.
101
. Ibid., pp. 578-9, 602-3.
. Ibid., pp. 578-9, 602-3.
102
. Ibid., pp. 612-13.
. Ibid., pp. 612-13.
103
. Ibid., p. 613.
. Ibid., p. 613.
106
. Ibid., p. 552. See also Desai, ‘India and China’, p. 11.
. Ibid., p. 552. See also Desai, ‘India and China’, p. 11.
108
. Ibid., pp. 552, 562.
. Ibid., pp. 552, 562.
109
. The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index combining measures of life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment and GDP per capita for countries worldwide. It is claimed as a standard means of measuring human development. It has been used by the United Nations Development Programme since around 1990.
. The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index combining measures of life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment and GDP per capita for countries worldwide. It is claimed as a standard means of measuring human development. It has been used by the United Nations Development Programme since around 1990.
110
. Desai, ‘India and China’, pp. 9-10.
. Desai, ‘India and China’, pp. 9-10.
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