174
. Christensen, ‘China, the US-Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia’, p. 138.
175
. Drifte,
Japan’s Security Relations with China since 1989
, pp. 180-82.
176
. Ross, ‘The Geography of Peace in East Asia’, pp. 176-8.
177
. Interview with Shi Yinhong, Beijing, 19 May 2006;
Strait Times
, 6 February 2006; Jane Perlez, ‘As US Influence Wanes, a New Asian Community’,
International Herald Tribune
, 4 November 2004.
178
. Shambaugh, ‘China Engages Asia’, p. 93; Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong’, pp. 58, 79, 81-2.
179
. It is quite likely that the US will, over time, reduce its land-based military presence in the region; Pollack, ‘The Transformation of the Asian Security Order’, pp. 338-9, 343.
180
. Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong’, p. 65.
181
. Zhang and Tang, ‘China’s Regional Strategy’, pp. 56-7.
182
. Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong’, pp. 65-7, 79, 82-3.
183
. Ross, ‘The Geography of Peace in East Asia’, pp. 170, 187, 190.
10 CHINA AS A RISING GLOBAL POWER
1
. Interview with Shi Yinghong, Beijing, 26 August 2005.
2
. ‘Reaching for a Renaissance: A Special Report on China and Its Region’,
The Economist
, 31 March 2007, p. 6.
3
. Ben Schiller, ‘The Axis of Dil: China and Venezuela’, 2 March 2006, posted on
www.open
democracy.
4
. Clyde Prestowitz,
Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East
(New York: Basic Books, 2006), p. 241; Robert F. Noriega, ‘China’s Influence in the Western Hemisphere’, statement before the House Sub-committee on the Western Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 6 April 2005.
5
. Joshua Kurlantzick,
Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World
(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007), p. 95.
6
. Shell,
Shell Global Scenarios to 2025
:
The Future Business Environment
-
Trends, Trade-offs and Choices
(Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2005), p. 129.
7
. Raymond W. Copson, ‘US Response to China’s Rise in Africa: Policy and Policy Options’, in Marcel Kitissou, ed.,
Africa in China’s Global Strategy
(London: Adonis and Abbey, 2007), p. 71.
8
. Stephen Marks, introduction in Firoze Manji and Stephen Marks, eds,
African Perspectives on China in Africa
(Oxford: Fahamu, 2007), p. 1.
10
. Daniel Large, ‘As the Beginning Ends: China’s Return to Africa’, in Manji and Marks,
African Perspectives on China in Africa
, p. 158.
11
. Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, ‘Honour and Shame? China’s Africa Ties in Comparative Context’, in Leni Wild and David Mepham, eds,
The New Sinosphere
(London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 2006), p. 54; Chris Alden,
China in Africa
(London: Zed Books, 2007), p. 67.
12
. Ndubisi Obiorah, ‘Who’s Afraid of China in Africa? Towards an African Civil Society Perspective on China-Africa Relations’, in Manji and Marks,
African Perspectives on China in Africa
, pp. 47-8.
13
. Alden,
China in Africa
, p. 12.
14
. John Rocha, ‘A New Frontier in the Exploitation of Africa’s Natural Resources: The Emergence of China’, in Manji and Marks,
African Perspectives on China in Africa
, p. 22.
15
. Leni Wild and David Mepham, introduction in Wild and Mepham,
The New Sinosphere
, p. 2.
16
. Alden,
China in Africa
, p. 104.
17
. Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, p. 58.
18
. John Blessing Karumbidza, ‘Win-Win Economic Cooperation: Can China Save Zimbabwe’s Economy?’, in Manji and Marks,
African Perspectives on China in Africa
, p. 89.
19
. Alden,
China in Africa
, pp. 14, 39-40; Kitissou,
Africa in China’s Global Strategy
, p. 171.
20
. Alden,
China in Africa
, p. 49; ‘A Troubled Frontier: Chinese Migrants in Senegal’,
South China Morning Post
, 17 January 2008.
21
. Howard W. French, ‘Chinese See a Continent Rich with Possibilities’,
International Herald Tribune
, 15 June 2007.
22
. Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, p. 59.
23
. Alden,
China in Africa
, pp. 52-3.
24
. Ibid., pp. 52-3, 55, 84-5.
25
. Abah Ofon, ‘South-South Cooperation: Can Africa Thrive with Chinese Investment? ’, in Wild and Mepham,
The New Sinosphere
, p. 27.
26
. Lindsey Hilsum, ‘China, Africa and the G8 - or Why Bob Geldof Needs to Wake Up’, in Wild and Mepham,
The New Sinosphere
, pp. 6-7.
27
. Mark Curtis and Claire Hickson, ‘Arming and Alarming? Arms Exports, Peace and Security’, in Wild and Mepham,
The New Sinosphere
, p. 41.
28
. Alden,
China in Africa
, p. 26.
29
. Interview with Jeffrey Sachs, ‘Africa’s Long Road Out of Poverty’,
International Herald Tribune
, 11 April 2007.
30
. Marks, introduction in Manji and Marks,
African Perspectives on China in Africa
, p. 5.
31
. Raphael Kaplinsky, ‘Winners and Losers: China’s Trade Threats and Opportunities for Africa’, in Wild and Mepham,
The New Sinosphere
, p. 16.
34
. Alden,
China in Africa
, pp. 79-82.
36
. Rocha, ‘A New Frontier in the Exploitation of Africa’s Natural Resources’, p. 29.
37
. Examples of public projects include the construction of an extension to the parliament building in Uganda, presidential palaces in Kinshasa and Harare, and new offices for the ministries of foreign affairs in Angola and Mozambique; Alden,
China in Africa
, p. 23.
38
. Kaplinsky, ‘Winners and Losers’, pp. 12-13.
39
. Text of Chinese president’s speech to Nigerian General Assembly, 27 April 2006, posted on
www.fmprc.gov.cn
.
40
. Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, p. 58.
41
. Kaplinsky, ‘Winners and Losers’, pp. 12-13; Marks, introduction in Manji and Marks,
African Perspectives on China in Africa
, pp. 6-7.
42
. Zhang Wei-Wei, ‘The Allure of the Chinese Model’,
International Herald Tribune
, 1 November 2006.
43
. For an interesting discussion of China’s involvement in Africa in a broader historical context, see Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, ‘East Mountain Tiger, West Mountain Tiger: China, the West, and “Colonialism” in Africa’,
Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies
, 3 (2006).
44
. Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, ‘Friends and Interests: China’s Distinctive Links with Africa’,
African Studies Review
, 50:3 (December 2007), p. 78.
45
. See John Reed, ‘China’s Africa Embrace Evokes Imperialist Memories’,
Financial Times
, 27 September 2006.
46
. Moeletsi Mbeki,
South African Journal of International Affairs
, 13(1): 7 (2006), quoted in Marks, introduction in Manji and Marks,
African Perspectives on China in Africa
, p. 5.
47
. Karumbidza, ‘Win-Win Economic Cooperation’, p. 95.
48
. Rocha, ‘A New Frontier in the Exploitation of Africa’s Natural Resources’, p. 31; Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, pp. 55-6. Chris Alden argues that ‘at the regional and multilateral levels African reactions to Beijing have been basically lacking in any strategic approach, as well as being fundamentally uncoordinated.’ Alden,
China in Africa
, p. 77.
49
. Howard W. French and Lydia Polgreen, ‘China Brings Its Deep Pockets to Africa’,
International Herald Tribune
, 13 August 2007; Alden,
China in Africa
, p. 35.
50
. Alden,
China in Africa
, pp. 74-6; Michelle Chan-Fishel, ‘Environmental Impact: More of the Same?’ in Manji and Marks,
African Perspectives on China in Africa
, p. 144.
51
. Rocha, ‘A New Frontier in the Exploitation of Africa’s Natural Resources’, p. 25.
52
. Karumbidza, ‘Win-Win Economic Cooperation’, p. 101.
53
. Ali Askouri, ‘China’s Investment in Sudan: Displacing Villages and Destroying Communities’, in Manji and Marks,
African Perspectives on China in Africa
, pp. 74, 80; Curtis and Hickson, ‘Arming and Alarming?’, p. 41.
54
. Jim Yardley, ‘China Offers Defense of Its Darfur Stance’,
International Herald Tribune
, 8-9 March 2008; Alden,
China in Africa
, pp. 120, 123-4.
55
. Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, p. 57.
56
. ‘Rebels Raid China-run Oil Facility in Ethiopia’,
International Herald Tribune
, 25 April 2007; ‘Chinese Worker Abducted in Niger’, posted on
www.bbc.co.uk/news
, 7 July 2007; Obiorah, ‘Who’s Afraid of China in Africa?’, pp. 51-2.
57
. Alden,
China in Africa
, pp. 102, 106-7, 118, 129.
58
. Ibid., pp. 9-10, 15, 18-20, 31.
59
. Zha Daojiong, ‘China’s Energy Security and Its International Relations’,
China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly
, 3: 3 (November 2005), p. 40.
61
. John W. Garver,
China and Iran: Ancient Partners in a Post-Imperial World
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006), p. 293.
62
. Hassan M. Fattah, ‘Avoiding Political Talk, Saudis and Chinese Build Trade’,
New York Times
, 23 April 2006.
63
. Phar Kim Beng and Vic Y. W. Li, ‘China’s Energy Dependence on the Middle East: Boon or Bane for Asian Security?’,
China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly
, 3: 3 (November 2005), p. 24.
64
. Garver,
China and Iran
, pp. 2-17.
68
. Ibid., pp. 256, 265, 271, 275.
69
. ‘Iran Signs $2bn Oil Deal with China’,
Financial Times
, 9 December 2007.
70
. Garver,
China and Iran
, p. 295.
73
. Lowell Dittmer, ‘Ghost of the Strategic Triangle: The Sino-Russian Partnership’, in Suisheng Zhao, ed.,
Chinese Foreign Policy
(New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), p. 217.
76
. Ibid., p. 215; Garver,
China and Iran
, p. 300.
77
. Yu Bin, ‘China and Russia: Normalizing Their Strategic Partnership’, in David Shambaugh, ed.,
Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), pp. 238-9.
78
. Stephen Blank, ‘China, Kazakh Energy, and Russia: An Unlikely Ménage à Trois’,
China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly
, 3: 3 (November 2005), p. 105.
81
. Lowell Dittmer, ‘Ghost of the Strategic Triangle’, pp. 220-21.
82
. Geoff Dyer, ‘Russia Fails to Secure Regional Backing’,
Financial Times
, 28 August 2008; Geoff Dyer, ‘Russia Could Push China Closer to the West’,
Financial Times
, 27 August 2008; Bobo Lo, ‘Russia, China and the Georgia Dimension’,
Centre for European Reform Bulletin
, 62 (October/November 2008).
83
. Meghnad Desai, ‘India and China: An Essay in Comparative Political Economy’, seminar paper, Asia Research Centre, London School of Economics, 2003, p. 3; revised version available to download from
www.imf.org
.
84
. Amartya Sen,
The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity
(London: Allen Lane, 2005), pp. 161-90, especially p. 164.
85
. John W. Garver,
Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001), pp. 79-80.
86
. Ibid., pp. 370-73; Prasenjit Duara, ‘Visions of History, Trajectories of Power: China and India since De-colonisation’, in Anthony Reid and Zheng Yangwen, eds,
Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia
(Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), p. 6. Also, Bill Emmott,
Rivals: How the Power Struggle between China, India and Japan Will Shape Our Next Decade
(London: Allen Lane, 2008), pp. 50-51.
87
. Garver,
Protracted Contest
, p. 368.
90
. Desai, ‘India and China’, pp. 2, 8, 10, 12; Martin Wolf, ‘On the Move: Asia’s Giants Take Different Routes in Pursuit of Economic Greatness’,
Financial Times
, 23 February 2005.
91
. Simon Long, ‘India and China: The Tiger in Front’, survey,
The Economist
, 5 March 2005, p. 10; Shell,
Shell Global Scenarios to 2025
, pp. 137-43; David Pilling, ‘India Hits Bottleneck on Way to Prosperity’,
Financial Times
, 24 September 2008.