When China Rules the World (94 page)

173
. Levine, ‘Sino-American Relations’, p. 110.

174
. Zheng Yongnian,
Discovering Chinese Nationalism
, p. 140.

175
. Kynge,
China Shakes the World
, p. 214.

176
. China’s Export-Import Bank is already a larger source of loans to Africa than the World Bank; Kurlantzick,
Charm Offensive
, p. 97.

177
. Keith Bradsher, ‘About-face Puts China on Side of India Over High Food Tariffs’,
International Herald Tribune
, 31 July 2008.

178
. ‘World Economic Net Fights to Keep Role: World Bank, IMF and WTO Struggling Under Globalization and Other Pressures’,
International Herald Tribune
, 23 May 2007; Timothy Garton Ash, ‘One Practical Way to Improve the State of the World: Turn G8 into G14’,
Guardian
, 24 January 2008.

179
. Geoff Dyer, ‘China’s Dollar Dilemma’,
Financial Times
, 22 February 2009.

180
. Another small step in this process is the decision to allow Chinese citizens to buy shares and mutual funds in London and New York through their local banks. This has hitherto only been possible for them in Hong Kong; ‘Chinese to be Allowed to Buy UK Shares’,
Financial Times
, 17 December 2007.

181
. Yu Yongding, ‘Comments’, IMF Reform Conference, 10 October 2005, and ‘The Interactions between China and the World Economy’, unpublished paper, Nikkei Simbon Symposium, 5 April 2005.

182
. Bob Davis, ‘IMF Gives Poor Countries Scarce New Voting Count’,
Wall Street Journal
, 31 March 2008; Mark Weisbrot, ‘The IMF’s Dwindling Fortunes’,
Los Angeles Times
, 27 April 2008; Jeffrey Sachs, ‘How the Fund Can Regain Global Legitimacy’,
Financial Times
, 19 April 2006; George Monbiot, ‘Don’t Be Fooled By This Reform: The IMF Is Still the Rich Man’s Viceroy’,
Guardian
, 5 September 2006; Joseph Stiglitz, ‘Thanks for Nothing’,
Atlantic Monthly
, October 2001.

183
. ‘Fury as Zimbabwe Sanctions Vetoed’, 12 July 2008, posted on
www.bbc. co.uk/news.

184
. Martin Wolf, ‘Why Agreeing a New Bretton Woods is Vital’,
Financial Times
, 4 November 2008.

185
. ‘Interview: Message from Wen’,
Financial Times
, 1 February 2009.

186
. For a pessimistic view of the prospects for a new Bretton Woods agreement, see Gideon Rachman, ‘The Brettons Woods Sequel Will Flop’,
Financial Times
, 10 November 2008.

187
. G. John Ikenberry, ‘The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive?’,
Foreign Affairs
, January/February 2008, p. 1 (available at
www.foreignaffairs.org
).

188
. Martin Jacques, ‘The Citadels of the Global Economy are Yielding to China’s Battering Ram’,
Guardian
, 23 April 2008.

189
. Yu Yongding, ‘The Evolving Exchange Rate Regimes in East Asia’, unpublished paper, 12 March 2005, p. 9.

190
. Interview with Shi Yinhong, 19 May 2006.

1
. Dominic Wilson and Anna Stupnytska, ‘The N-11: More Than an Acronym’,
Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper
, 153 (28 March 2007), p. 8. This followed an earlier paper in 2003 which suggested 2041; Dominic Wilson and Roopa Purushothaman, ‘Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050’,
Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper
99 (2003), p. 10.

2
. ‘Faced with a Steep Learning Curve’,
Financial Times
special report on global brands, 23 April 2007.

3
. William A. Callahan,
Contingent States: Greater China and Transnational Relations
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2004), pp. 158-9.

4
. Antonio Gramsci,
Selections from the Prison Notebooks
(London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971), pp. 12-13, 206-8, 333, 416-18.

5
. Joseph S. Nye Jr,
Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics
(New York: Public Affairs, 2004), Chapter 1.

6
. Maev Kennedy, ‘On the March: Terracotta Army Aims for Ticket Office Triumph’,
Guardian
, 8 February 2007.

7
. ‘Great Wall Overtakes Florence for Tourists’, 20 May 2005, posted on
http://news.ft.com
.

8
. Edward L. Dreyer,
Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405
-
1433
(New York: Pearson Longman, 2007), p. 170.

9
. My thanks to Zhang Feng for these observations. See also ‘Columbus or Zheng He? Debate Rages On’,
China Daily
, 19 July 2007, especially the views of Ge Jianxiong.

10
. ‘Chinese Maritime Hero Commemorated’,
China Daily
, 30 August 2005.

11
. Gavin Menzies,
1421: The Year China Discovered The World
(London: Bantam Books, 2003).

12
. Geoff Wade, ‘Don’t Be Deceived: Our History Really is Under Serious Attack’,
Canberra Times
, 27 April 2006.

13
. Quoted in Chris Alden,
China in Africa
(London: Zed Books, 2007), p. 19.

14
. Patrick L. Smith, ‘Museum’s Display Links the Birth of Golf to China’,
International Herald Tribune
, 1 March 2006.

15
. Nicholas D. Kristof, ‘Glory is as Ephemeral as Smoke and Clouds’,
International Herald Tribune
, 23 May 2005.

16
. Dava Sobel,
Longitude
(London: Fourth Estate, 1998).

17
. Lucian W. Pye,
The Spirit of Chinese Politics
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 235.

18
. Suisheng Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 147-9.

19
. David C. Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks’,
International Security
, 27: 4 (Spring 2003), pp. 57, 61-5.

20
. Ibid., pp. 66-8, 79-82.

21
. Ibid., pp. 57-85.

22
. It is noteworthy that in 2006 the Chinese government committed to establish special economic enclaves in five African countries where Chinese businesses are to enjoy privileged treatment as well as preferential access to Chinese capital and African markets; Chris Alden, Daniel Large and Ricardo Soares de Oliveira, eds,
China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace
(London: Hurst, 2008), pp. 357-8.

23
. ‘China “May Lease Foreign Fields”’, 29 April 2008, posted on
www.bbc. co.uk/news.

24
. Angus Maddison,
The World Economy: Historical Statistics
(Paris: OECD, 2003), p. 258.

25
. For a very interesting article on the decline of the United States, and the West, in this context, see Niall Ferguson, ‘Empire Falls’, October 2006, posted on
www.vanityfair.com
.

26
. Angus Maddison,
The World Economy. A Millennial Perspective
(Paris: OECD,2006), p. 128.

27
. Howard W. French, ‘For Old Rivals, a Chance at a Grand New Bargain’,
International Herald Tribune
, 9 February 2007.

28
. Wolfgang Georg Arlt,
China’s Outbound Tourism
(London: Routledge, 2006), pp. 67, 227-8.

29
. ‘China Soon to be World’s Biggest Internet User’,
Guardian
, 25 January 2007; ‘US Slips on the Web’,
International Herald Tribune
, 11 May 2006.

30
. Martin Jacques, ‘Global Hierarchy of Race’,
Guardian
, 20 September 2003.

31
. Wang Xiaodong, ‘Chinese Nationalism Under the Shadow of Globalisation’, lecture, London School of Economics, 7 February 2005, pp. 1-2.

32
. Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 147-9.

33
. Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross,
New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), pp. 410-11.

34
. Zi Zhongyun, ‘The Clash of Ideas: Ideology and Sino-US Relations’, in Suisheng Zhao, ed.,
Chinese Foreign Policy: Pragmatism and Strategic Behaviour
(New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), pp. 224-42.

35
. Richard Gott, ‘Latin America is Preparing to Settle Accounts with Its White Settler Elite’,
Guardian
, 15 November 2006; Amy Chua,
World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability
(London: William Heinemann, 2003), Chapter 2.

36
. ‘A Battle of Cultures in Milan’s Chinatown’,
International Herald Tribune
, 27 April 2007; also ‘Chinese Entrepreneurs Upset French Neighbors’,
International Herald Tribune
, 6 June 2007.

37
. Hong Kong-listed shares surged after the Chinese government agreed in August 2007 that its citizens would be allowed to invest in the Hong Kong stock market. All five of China’s biggest companies by market value in late 2007 had Hong Kong listings.

38
. ‘China Market Values Soar’,
International Herald Tribune
, 30 October 2007.

39
. Jing Ulrich, ‘Insight: China Prepares for Overseas Investment’,
Financial Times
, 7 August 2007.

40
. ‘China’s Overseas Investment Rises 60% Annually’, 2 February 2007, posted on
www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina
.

41
. ‘Morgan Stanley Taps China for $5bn’,
Financial Times
, 19 December 2007; Tony Jackson, ‘The Chinese Bank Plan is One to Watch’,
Financial Times
, 23 July 2007; Geoff Dyer and Sundeep Tucker, ‘In Search of Illumination: Chinese Companies Expand Overseas’,
Financial Times
, 3 December 2007.

42
. Zhou Ping and Loet Leydesdorff, ‘The Emergence of China as a Leading Nation in Science’,
Research Policy
, 35 (2006), pp. 83-104.

43
. James Wilsdon and James Keeley, ‘China: The Next Science Superpower? The Atlas of Ideas: Mapping the New Geography of Science’ (London: Demos, 2007), p. 6.

44
. Geoff Dyer, ‘The Dragon’s Lab - How China is Rising Through the Innovation Ranks’,
Financial Times
, 5 January 2007.

45
. ‘Chinese Spacecraft Back to Earth’, 17 October 2005, posted on
www.bbc. co.uk/news.

46
. ‘China’s Missile Test Holds Signal for US’,
International Herald Tribune
, 20-21 January 2007; ‘China Uses Space Technology as Diplomatic Trump Card’,
International Herald Tribune
, 24 May 2007.

47
. ‘It’s a Multi-Currency World We Live In’,
Financial Times
, 26 December 2007; Benn Steil, ‘A Rising Euro Threatens American Dominance’,
Financial Times
, 22 April 2008.

48
. Daniel Dombey, ‘America Faces a Diplomatic Penalty as the Dollar Dwindles’,
Financial Times
, 27 December 2007.

49
. Quoted in ibid.

50
. Ibid.

51
. Avinash D. Persaud, ‘The Dollar Standard: (Only the) Beginning of the End’, posted on
http://opendemocracy.net
; Avinash D. Persaud, ‘When Currency Empires Fall’, posted on
www.gresham.ac.uk
.

52
. Mark Leonard,
What Does China Think?
(London: Fourth Estate, 2008), p. 120.

53
. Eric Hobsbawm, ‘America’s Neo-Conservative World Supremacists Will Fail’,
Guardian
, 25 June 2005.

54
. Alastair Ian Johnston,
Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 258-9.

55
. Robert Kagan,
Dangerous Nation: America and the World 1600
-
1898
(London: Atlantic Books, 2006), p. 304.

56
. Callahan,
Contingent States
, pp. 28-44.

57
. Yan Xuetong, ‘The Rise of China in Chinese Eyes’,
Journal of Contemporary China
, 10: 26 (2001), p. 34.

58
. Callahan,
Contingent States
, p. 34.

59
. Robert Ross, ‘The Geography of Peace: East Asia in the Twenty-first Century’, in Michael Brown et al., eds,
The Rise of China
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000), pp. 189-90, 193.

60
. Callahan,
Contingent States
, pp. 34-7.

61
. Johnston,
Cultural Realism
, p. 249.

62
. Callahan,
Contingent States
, pp. 34-5.

63
. Wang Xiaodong,
Chinese Youth’s Views on the World: A Survey Report
(Beijing: China Youth Research Centre, 2003), pp. 27-8.

64
. Wang Gungwu, ‘Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia: A Background Essay’, in John King Fairbank, ed.,
The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 61.

65
. Ibid., p. 61.

66
. Interview with Shi Yinhong, Beijing, 19 May 2006.

67
. Pankaj Mishra, ‘Getting Rich’,
London Review of Books
, 30 November 2006, pp. 6-7.

68
. John Gray, ‘(Re-)Ordering the World: Dilemmas of Liberal Imperialism’,
RSA Journal
, 2:6 (2002), p. 52.

69
. Lucian W. Pye, ‘China: Erratic State, Frustrated Society’,
Foreign Affairs
, 69: 4 (Fall 1990), pp. 56-74.

70
. Ibid., pp. 56-74.

71
. ‘Foreign and Chinese Delegates Flock to First Confucius Institute Conference’, 6 July 2006, posted on
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn
.