When China Rules the World (89 page)
Read When China Rules the World Online
Authors: Jacques Martin
Tags: #History, #Asia, #China, #Political Science, #International Relations, #General
42
. Nicholas Ostler,
Empires of the Word
(London: HarperCollins, 2005), pp. 116-73, especially pp. 116-17, 156-7.
. Nicholas Ostler,
Empires of the Word
(London: HarperCollins, 2005), pp. 116-73, especially pp. 116-17, 156-7.
44
. Ibid., p. 46.
. Ibid., p. 46.
45
. Chen Kuan-Hsing, ‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’ (revised version, 2009, available at
www.inter-asia.org
khchen
online/Epilogue.pdf
; to be published in
Towards De-Imperialization
-
Asia as Method
, Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, forthcoming); and Leo K. Shin,
The Making of the Chinese State: Ethnicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 4-5.
. Chen Kuan-Hsing, ‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’ (revised version, 2009, available at
www.inter-asia.org
khchen
online/Epilogue.pdf
; to be published in
Towards De-Imperialization
-
Asia as Method
, Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, forthcoming); and Leo K. Shin,
The Making of the Chinese State: Ethnicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 4-5.
47
. Dikötter, introduction, pp. 1, 5.
. Dikötter, introduction, pp. 1, 5.
50
. Dikötter, introduction, p. 3.
. Dikötter, introduction, p. 3.
51
. Ibid., p. 2.
. Ibid., p. 2.
52
. Kai-wing Chow, ‘Imagining Boundaries of Blood: Zhang Binglin and the Invention of the Han “Race” in Modern China’, in Dikötter, ed.,
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
, p. 48; also p. 44.
. Kai-wing Chow, ‘Imagining Boundaries of Blood: Zhang Binglin and the Invention of the Han “Race” in Modern China’, in Dikötter, ed.,
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
, p. 48; also p. 44.
53
. Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent’, pp. 79-80; Lucian W. Pye,
Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimensions of Authority
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 80-81, 196, 329.
. Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent’, pp. 79-80; Lucian W. Pye,
Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimensions of Authority
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 80-81, 196, 329.
54
. Dikötter,
The Discourse of Race in Modern China
(London: Hurst and Company, 1992), p. 32; Allen Chan, ‘The Grand Illusion: The Long History of Multiculturalism in an Era of Invented Indigenisation’, p. 6, unpublished paper for Swedish-NUS conference, ‘Asia-Europe and Global Processes’, Singapore, 14-16 March 2001. It is easier for an ethnic Chinese born in Malaysia or Canada to get Hong Kong citizenship than it is for a Hong Kong-born person of Indian or Philippine background; Philip Bowring, ‘China and Its Minorities’,
International Herald Tribune
, 3 March 2008.
. Dikötter,
The Discourse of Race in Modern China
(London: Hurst and Company, 1992), p. 32; Allen Chan, ‘The Grand Illusion: The Long History of Multiculturalism in an Era of Invented Indigenisation’, p. 6, unpublished paper for Swedish-NUS conference, ‘Asia-Europe and Global Processes’, Singapore, 14-16 March 2001. It is easier for an ethnic Chinese born in Malaysia or Canada to get Hong Kong citizenship than it is for a Hong Kong-born person of Indian or Philippine background; Philip Bowring, ‘China and Its Minorities’,
International Herald Tribune
, 3 March 2008.
56
. John King Fairbank, ed.,
The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 278, 281.
. John King Fairbank, ed.,
The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 278, 281.
58
. Ibid., pp. 1,3-4; Fairbank,
The Chinese World Order
, pp. 27-8; Lovell,
The Great Wall
, p. 35; Kuan-Hsing Chen, ‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’; and Wade, ‘Some Topoi’, p. 144.
. Ibid., pp. 1,3-4; Fairbank,
The Chinese World Order
, pp. 27-8; Lovell,
The Great Wall
, p. 35; Kuan-Hsing Chen, ‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’; and Wade, ‘Some Topoi’, p. 144.
62
. Ibid., p. 11.
. Ibid., p. 11.
63
. Ibid., pp. 12-13.
. Ibid., pp. 12-13.
64
. Ibid., p. 25.
. Ibid., p. 25.
65
. Christian Tyler,
Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang
(London: John Murray, 2003), pp. 56-87, 269.
. Christian Tyler,
Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang
(London: John Murray, 2003), pp. 56-87, 269.
67
. Ibid., pp. 55-6, 68-9.
. Ibid., pp. 55-6, 68-9.
68
. Quoted in ibid., p. 158.
. Quoted in ibid., p. 158.
69
. Ibid., p. 149.
. Ibid., p. 149.
73
. Ibid., pp. 172, 176-95.
. Ibid., pp. 172, 176-95.
74
. Colin Mackerras, ‘What is China? Who is Chinese? Han-minority Relations, Legitimacy, and the State’, in Peter Hays Gries and Stanley Rosen, eds,
State and Society in 21st-Century China
(London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), pp. 216-17.
. Colin Mackerras, ‘What is China? Who is Chinese? Han-minority Relations, Legitimacy, and the State’, in Peter Hays Gries and Stanley Rosen, eds,
State and Society in 21st-Century China
(London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), pp. 216-17.
76
. Stevan Harrell, ed.,
Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), pp. 29-32.
. Stevan Harrell, ed.,
Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), pp. 29-32.
78
. John Gittings,
The Changing Face of China
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 313;
International Herald Tribune
, 6-7 October 2001.
. John Gittings,
The Changing Face of China
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 313;
International Herald Tribune
, 6-7 October 2001.
79
. Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 204-5; Mackerras, ‘What is China?’, pp. 224-7; and Christopher R. Hughes,
Chinese Nationalism in the Global Era
(London: Routledge, 2006), pp. 123-4. Also Geoff Dyer and Jamil Anderlini, ‘Distant Thunder: Separatism Stirs on China’s Forgotten Frontier’,
Financial Times
, 17 August 2008.
. Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 204-5; Mackerras, ‘What is China?’, pp. 224-7; and Christopher R. Hughes,
Chinese Nationalism in the Global Era
(London: Routledge, 2006), pp. 123-4. Also Geoff Dyer and Jamil Anderlini, ‘Distant Thunder: Separatism Stirs on China’s Forgotten Frontier’,
Financial Times
, 17 August 2008.
81
. Ibid., p. 25.
. Ibid., p. 25.
82
. Ibid., pp. 25-7; Zhao,
Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 202-8. Also, ‘China: Minority Exclusion, Marginalization and Rising Tensions’,
Human Rights in China
, Minority Rights Group International, 2007.
. Ibid., pp. 25-7; Zhao,
Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 202-8. Also, ‘China: Minority Exclusion, Marginalization and Rising Tensions’,
Human Rights in China
, Minority Rights Group International, 2007.
83
. Dikötter, ‘Racial Discourse in China’, pp. 25-6; Jenner, ‘Race and History in China’, pp. 70, 73-6.
. Dikötter, ‘Racial Discourse in China’, pp. 25-6; Jenner, ‘Race and History in China’, pp. 70, 73-6.
84
. For a very sensitive view of Tibetan culture, and the nature of Chinese attitudes, see Sun Shuyun,
A Year in Tibet: A Voyage of Discovery
(London: HarperPress, 2008), for example, pp. 2-3, 37-8. Also, Geoff Dyer, ‘The Great Brawl of China’,
Financial Times
, 11 July 2008.
. For a very sensitive view of Tibetan culture, and the nature of Chinese attitudes, see Sun Shuyun,
A Year in Tibet: A Voyage of Discovery
(London: HarperPress, 2008), for example, pp. 2-3, 37-8. Also, Geoff Dyer, ‘The Great Brawl of China’,
Financial Times
, 11 July 2008.
85
. Jim Yardley, ‘After the Fury in Tibet, Firm Hand Trembles’,
International Herald Tribune
, 18 March 2008.
. Jim Yardley, ‘After the Fury in Tibet, Firm Hand Trembles’,
International Herald Tribune
, 18 March 2008.
86
. Howard W. French, ‘Again, Beijing Cues Up Its Propaganda Machine’,
International Herald Tribune
, 4 April 2008.
. Howard W. French, ‘Again, Beijing Cues Up Its Propaganda Machine’,
International Herald Tribune
, 4 April 2008.
87
. Jim Yardley and Somini Sengupta, ‘Beijing Blames the Dalai Lama’,
International Herald Tribune
, 19 March 2008.
. Jim Yardley and Somini Sengupta, ‘Beijing Blames the Dalai Lama’,
International Herald Tribune
, 19 March 2008.
88
. Howard W. French, ‘Side By Side in China, While Still Worlds Apart’,
International Herald Tribune
, 20 March 2008.
. Howard W. French, ‘Side By Side in China, While Still Worlds Apart’,
International Herald Tribune
, 20 March 2008.
89
. Quoted in ibid.
. Quoted in ibid.
91
. Many have remarked on what they see as the racism of Chinese societies and communities. Howard Gardner, the American educationalist, writes: ‘As a group, the Chinese tend to be ethnocentric, xenophobic and racist. Most people prefer to be with their own kind . . . but few have come to feel as strongly about this separatism over the millennia as the Han’ (
To Open Minds
(New York: Basic Books, 1989), p. 130). Colin Mackerras suggests: ‘Many Chinese care little for the minorities, let alone their cultures, and tend to look down on them’ (‘What is China?’, p. 221). Lucian Pye writes: ‘The most pervasive underlying Chinese emotion is a profound, unquestioned, generally unshakeable identification with historical greatness . . . This is all so-evident that they are hardly aware when they are being superior to others’ (
The Spirit of Chinese Politics
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harward University Press, 1992), p. 50). Chen Kuan-Hsing warns: ‘Han Chinese racism will be a regional, if not global, problem’ (‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’).
. Many have remarked on what they see as the racism of Chinese societies and communities. Howard Gardner, the American educationalist, writes: ‘As a group, the Chinese tend to be ethnocentric, xenophobic and racist. Most people prefer to be with their own kind . . . but few have come to feel as strongly about this separatism over the millennia as the Han’ (
To Open Minds
(New York: Basic Books, 1989), p. 130). Colin Mackerras suggests: ‘Many Chinese care little for the minorities, let alone their cultures, and tend to look down on them’ (‘What is China?’, p. 221). Lucian Pye writes: ‘The most pervasive underlying Chinese emotion is a profound, unquestioned, generally unshakeable identification with historical greatness . . . This is all so-evident that they are hardly aware when they are being superior to others’ (
The Spirit of Chinese Politics
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harward University Press, 1992), p. 50). Chen Kuan-Hsing warns: ‘Han Chinese racism will be a regional, if not global, problem’ (‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’).
92
.
www.malaysiakini.com/letters/33156
also 33115. Other discussions include:
http://shanghai.asiaxpat.com/forums/speakerscorner/threads/65529.asp
;
http:www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?s=982bfbe08a75508b7a9de 815588c6f12&showtopic=9760&st=15&p=4788117&#entry4788117.
.
www.malaysiakini.com/letters/33156
also 33115. Other discussions include:
http://shanghai.asiaxpat.com/forums/speakerscorner/threads/65529.asp
;
http:www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?s=982bfbe08a75508b7a9de 815588c6f12&showtopic=9760&st=15&p=4788117&#entry4788117.
94
. Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent’, p. 75.
. Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent’, p. 75.
95
. Chen, ‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’. There is little difference between racial attitudes in China and Taiwan; Johnson,
Race and Racism in the Chinas
, pp. 4, 42-3.
. Chen, ‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’. There is little difference between racial attitudes in China and Taiwan; Johnson,
Race and Racism in the Chinas
, pp. 4, 42-3.
96
. For example, Barry Sautman and Ellen Kneehans, ‘The Politics of Racial Discrimination in Hong Kong’,
Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies
, 2 (2000); and Kelley Loper, ‘Cultivating a Multicultural Society and Combating Racial Discrimination in Hong Kong’,
Civic Exchange
, August 2001.
. For example, Barry Sautman and Ellen Kneehans, ‘The Politics of Racial Discrimination in Hong Kong’,
Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies
, 2 (2000); and Kelley Loper, ‘Cultivating a Multicultural Society and Combating Racial Discrimination in Hong Kong’,
Civic Exchange
, August 2001.
97
. Sautman and Kneehans, ‘The Politics of Racial Discrimination in Hong Kong’, p. 17.
. Sautman and Kneehans, ‘The Politics of Racial Discrimination in Hong Kong’, p. 17.
98
. Ibid., pp. 73-6. Thirteen per cent of Hong Kong families with children of twelve or older employ a foreign domestic worker; according to a survey by the Asian Migrant Centre, almost a quarter were abused;
South China Morning Post
, 15 February 2001. ‘Malaysian Jailed for Maid Attacks’, 27 November 2008, posted on
www.bbc.co.uk/news
.
. Ibid., pp. 73-6. Thirteen per cent of Hong Kong families with children of twelve or older employ a foreign domestic worker; according to a survey by the Asian Migrant Centre, almost a quarter were abused;
South China Morning Post
, 15 February 2001. ‘Malaysian Jailed for Maid Attacks’, 27 November 2008, posted on
www.bbc.co.uk/news
.
99
. Sautman and Kneehans, ‘The Politics of Racial Discrimination in Hong Kong’, pp. 21-4.
. Sautman and Kneehans, ‘The Politics of Racial Discrimination in Hong Kong’, pp. 21-4.
100
. Ibid., p. 12.
. Ibid., p. 12.
102
. In fact, Indians have been living in Hong Kong since 1841.
. In fact, Indians have been living in Hong Kong since 1841.
103
. Chen, ‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’.
. Chen, ‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’.
105
. Ibid., pp. 50-51.
. Ibid., pp. 50-51.
106
. Ibid., pp. 76-7.
. Ibid., pp. 76-7.
108
. Dikötter,
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
, pp. 25-6; Erin Chung, ‘Anti-Black Racism in China’ (12 April 2005) and ‘Nanjing Anti-African Protests of 1988-89’, posted on
www.amren.com/mtnews/archives/2005/04/nanjing_antiafr.php
.
. Dikötter,
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
, pp. 25-6; Erin Chung, ‘Anti-Black Racism in China’ (12 April 2005) and ‘Nanjing Anti-African Protests of 1988-89’, posted on
www.amren.com/mtnews/archives/2005/04/nanjing_antiafr.php
.
111
. Ibid., pp. 41, 44-50.
. Ibid., pp. 41, 44-50.
113
. Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, ‘Friends and Interests: China’s Distinctive Links with Africa’,
African Studies Reviews
50: 3 (December 2007), p. 91.
. Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, ‘Friends and Interests: China’s Distinctive Links with Africa’,
African Studies Reviews
50: 3 (December 2007), p. 91.
114
. Ibid., pp. 147-8.
. Ibid., pp. 147-8.
115
. This was published on
www.ncn.org
. See also Martin Jacques, ‘The Middle Kingdom Mentality’,
Guardian
, 16 April 2005.
. This was published on
www.ncn.org
. See also Martin Jacques, ‘The Middle Kingdom Mentality’,
Guardian
, 16 April 2005.
117
. Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 139-46, 156-7; and Hughes,
Chinese Nationalism in the Global Era
, pp. 111-12.
. Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 139-46, 156-7; and Hughes,
Chinese Nationalism in the Global Era
, pp. 111-12.
118
. Wang Xiaodong, ‘Chinese Nationalism under the Shadow of Globalisation’, lecture at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 7 February 2005, p. 1.
. Wang Xiaodong, ‘Chinese Nationalism under the Shadow of Globalisation’, lecture at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 7 February 2005, p. 1.
120
. Wang Xiaodong, ‘Chinese Nationalism under the Shadow of Globalisation’, p. 1.
. Wang Xiaodong, ‘Chinese Nationalism under the Shadow of Globalisation’, p. 1.
122
. Ibid., p. 155.
. Ibid., p. 155.
124
. Amy Chua,
World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability
(London: William Heinemann, 2003), pp. 28-46.
. Amy Chua,
World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability
(London: William Heinemann, 2003), pp. 28-46.
125
. Interview with Richard Oh, Jakarta, February 2004.
. Interview with Richard Oh, Jakarta, February 2004.
126
. James Kynge,
China Shakes the World: The Rise of a Hungry Nation
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006), p. 203; and Lovell,
The Great Wall
, p. 87.
. James Kynge,
China Shakes the World: The Rise of a Hungry Nation
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006), p. 203; and Lovell,
The Great Wall
, p. 87.
128
. Chinese Cultural Center, San Francisco, conference ‘In Search of Roots’, 28 February 1998.
. Chinese Cultural Center, San Francisco, conference ‘In Search of Roots’, 28 February 1998.
129
. Evan Leong, ‘Are You Chinese?’ paper presented at the same conference.
. Evan Leong, ‘Are You Chinese?’ paper presented at the same conference.
130
. Ibid., p. 9.
. Ibid., p. 9.
131
. Ibid., p. 11.
. Ibid., p. 11.
133
. Hideo Ohashi, ‘China’s Regional Trade and Investment Profile’, in David Shambaugh, ed.,
Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 83.
. Hideo Ohashi, ‘China’s Regional Trade and Investment Profile’, in David Shambaugh, ed.,
Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 83.
134
. Michael Fullilove, ‘Chinese Diaspora Carries Torch for Old Country’,
Financial Times
, 18 May 2008; Geoff Dyer and Peter Smith, ‘Chinese Rally to the Torch in Australia’,
Financial Times
, 21 April 2008; ‘Seoul Raps Chinese Protesters at Torch Rally’,
South China Morning Post
, 29 April 2008; ‘Chinese-Australians in Large Show of Support for Torch’,
South China Morning Post
, 25 April 2008. Also Erik Eckholm, ‘Chinese Abroad Exult in Glory of Olympics’,
International Herald Tribune
, 12 August 2008.
. Michael Fullilove, ‘Chinese Diaspora Carries Torch for Old Country’,
Financial Times
, 18 May 2008; Geoff Dyer and Peter Smith, ‘Chinese Rally to the Torch in Australia’,
Financial Times
, 21 April 2008; ‘Seoul Raps Chinese Protesters at Torch Rally’,
South China Morning Post
, 29 April 2008; ‘Chinese-Australians in Large Show of Support for Torch’,
South China Morning Post
, 25 April 2008. Also Erik Eckholm, ‘Chinese Abroad Exult in Glory of Olympics’,
International Herald Tribune
, 12 August 2008.
135
. According to the 1999 census; Zhao,
Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 192-3. Also, Robyn Iredale, Naran Bilik, Wang Su, Fei Guo and Caroline Hoy,
Contemporary Minority Migration, Education and Ethnicity in China
(Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2001).
. According to the 1999 census; Zhao,
Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 192-3. Also, Robyn Iredale, Naran Bilik, Wang Su, Fei Guo and Caroline Hoy,
Contemporary Minority Migration, Education and Ethnicity in China
(Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2001).
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