When China Rules the World (84 page)
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Authors: Jacques Martin
Tags: #History, #Asia, #China, #Political Science, #International Relations, #General
5 CONTESTED MODERNITY
2
. Ezra F. Vogel,
The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 13, 42-3.
. Ezra F. Vogel,
The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 13, 42-3.
3
. Manuel Castells,
The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture.
Vol. III,
End of Millennium
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), pp. 244-64.
. Manuel Castells,
The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture.
Vol. III,
End of Millennium
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), pp. 244-64.
4
. Angus Maddison,
The World Economy: Historical Statistics
(Paris: OECD, 2003), p. 260. These are average annual compound growth rates.
. Angus Maddison,
The World Economy: Historical Statistics
(Paris: OECD, 2003), p. 260. These are average annual compound growth rates.
5
. World Bank, ‘Will Resilience Overcome Risk? East Asia Regional Outlook’, November 2007, posted on
www.worldbank.org
, p. 11. Poverty is defined as earning $2 per day or less.
. World Bank, ‘Will Resilience Overcome Risk? East Asia Regional Outlook’, November 2007, posted on
www.worldbank.org
, p. 11. Poverty is defined as earning $2 per day or less.
6
. Danni Rodrik,
One Economics Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 18-20.
. Danni Rodrik,
One Economics Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 18-20.
8
. As S. N. Eisenstadt wrote: ‘Most of the studies of modernization in general and of convergence of industrial societies in particular . . . stressed that the more modern or developed different societies [became], the more similar . . . they [would] become in their basic, central, institutional aspects, and the less the importance of traditional elements within them.’ Cited in Paul A. Cohen,
Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 78.
. As S. N. Eisenstadt wrote: ‘Most of the studies of modernization in general and of convergence of industrial societies in particular . . . stressed that the more modern or developed different societies [became], the more similar . . . they [would] become in their basic, central, institutional aspects, and the less the importance of traditional elements within them.’ Cited in Paul A. Cohen,
Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 78.
9
. Post-war Japan might also be included on the grounds of its growth, but has been excluded because of its earlier industrial transformation.
. Post-war Japan might also be included on the grounds of its growth, but has been excluded because of its earlier industrial transformation.
10
. Fu-Chen Lo and Yue-Man Yeung, eds,
Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia
(Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1996), p. 155;
UN Human Development Report 1997
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 182.
. Fu-Chen Lo and Yue-Man Yeung, eds,
Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia
(Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1996), p. 155;
UN Human Development Report 1997
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 182.
11
. Eric Hobsbawm,
Globalization, Democracy, and Terrorism
(London: Little, Brown, 2007), p. 33;
UN Human Development Report 1997
, p. 182.
. Eric Hobsbawm,
Globalization, Democracy, and Terrorism
(London: Little, Brown, 2007), p. 33;
UN Human Development Report 1997
, p. 182.
14
. United Nations Development Programme,
Rapport mondial sur le développement humain 1999
(Paris: De Boeck Université, 1999), p. 198.
. United Nations Development Programme,
Rapport mondial sur le développement humain 1999
(Paris: De Boeck Université, 1999), p. 198.
15
. Paul Bairoch,
De Jéricho à Mexico: Villes et économie dans l’historie
(Paris: Gallimard, 1985), p. 288.
. Paul Bairoch,
De Jéricho à Mexico: Villes et économie dans l’historie
(Paris: Gallimard, 1985), p. 288.
17
. This practice first appeared during the Song dynasty (AD 960-1279), shortly after the spread of paper money for commercial purposes; Kenneth Dean, ‘Despotic Empire/Nation-State: Local Responses to Chinese Nationalism in an Age of Global Capitalism’, in Chen Kuan-Hsing, ed.,
Trajectories: Inter-Asia Cultural Studies
(London: Routledge, 1998), p. 169.
. This practice first appeared during the Song dynasty (AD 960-1279), shortly after the spread of paper money for commercial purposes; Kenneth Dean, ‘Despotic Empire/Nation-State: Local Responses to Chinese Nationalism in an Age of Global Capitalism’, in Chen Kuan-Hsing, ed.,
Trajectories: Inter-Asia Cultural Studies
(London: Routledge, 1998), p. 169.
19
. Interview with Hung Tze Jan, Taipei, March 1999.
. Interview with Hung Tze Jan, Taipei, March 1999.
20
. Interview with Tatsuro Hanada, Tokyo, June 1999.
. Interview with Tatsuro Hanada, Tokyo, June 1999.
21
. Acknowledgements to Ti-Nan Chi, Bing C. P. Chu and Chu-joe Hsia in Taipei; Tatsuro Hanada, Takashi Yamashita, Mark Dytham and Astrid Klein in Tokyo; and Wu Jiang and Lu Yongyi in Shanghai.
. Acknowledgements to Ti-Nan Chi, Bing C. P. Chu and Chu-joe Hsia in Taipei; Tatsuro Hanada, Takashi Yamashita, Mark Dytham and Astrid Klein in Tokyo; and Wu Jiang and Lu Yongyi in Shanghai.
22
. Interview with Toshiya Uedo, Tokyo, June 1999.
. Interview with Toshiya Uedo, Tokyo, June 1999.
23
. Anthony Giddens,
The Consequences of Modernity
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 105.
. Anthony Giddens,
The Consequences of Modernity
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 105.
24
. Pudong was conceived, in 1992, as a completely new business and financial centre for Shanghai. Across the Huangpu River from the Bund, it represents an extraordinary urban and architectural leap into the new century: Cheng Youhua, et al., ‘Urban Planning in Shanghai towards the 21st Century’, in
Dialogue
(Taipei), February/March 1999, pp. 48-55.
. Pudong was conceived, in 1992, as a completely new business and financial centre for Shanghai. Across the Huangpu River from the Bund, it represents an extraordinary urban and architectural leap into the new century: Cheng Youhua, et al., ‘Urban Planning in Shanghai towards the 21st Century’, in
Dialogue
(Taipei), February/March 1999, pp. 48-55.
25
. Interview with Gao Rui-qian, Shanghai, April 1999.
. Interview with Gao Rui-qian, Shanghai, April 1999.
27
. The literature on the Chinese diaspora, and the role of the family and kinship, is voluminous: see, for example, Lynn Pan,
Sons of the Yellow Emperor: The Story of the Overseas Chinese
(London: Arrow, 1998); Robin Cohen,
Global Diasporas: An Introduction
(London: UCLPress, 1997), Chapters 4, 7; Joel Kotkin,
Tribes: How Race, Religion, and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy
(New York: Random House, 1992), Chapter 6.
. The literature on the Chinese diaspora, and the role of the family and kinship, is voluminous: see, for example, Lynn Pan,
Sons of the Yellow Emperor: The Story of the Overseas Chinese
(London: Arrow, 1998); Robin Cohen,
Global Diasporas: An Introduction
(London: UCLPress, 1997), Chapters 4, 7; Joel Kotkin,
Tribes: How Race, Religion, and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy
(New York: Random House, 1992), Chapter 6.
29
. Mark Elvin, ‘Secular Karma: The Communist Revolution Understood in Traditional Chinese Terms’, in Mabel Lee and A.D. Syrokomia-Stefanowski, eds,
Modernisation of the Chinese Past
(Sydney: University of Sydney, School of Asian Studies, 1993), p. 75.
. Mark Elvin, ‘Secular Karma: The Communist Revolution Understood in Traditional Chinese Terms’, in Mabel Lee and A.D. Syrokomia-Stefanowski, eds,
Modernisation of the Chinese Past
(Sydney: University of Sydney, School of Asian Studies, 1993), p. 75.
30
. Huang Ping, ‘“Beijing Consensus”, or “Chinese Experiences”, or What?’, unpublished paper, 2005, p. 8.
. Huang Ping, ‘“Beijing Consensus”, or “Chinese Experiences”, or What?’, unpublished paper, 2005, p. 8.
31
. Chris Patten,
East and West: China, Power, and the Future of East Asia
(London: Times Books, 1998), p. 166.
. Chris Patten,
East and West: China, Power, and the Future of East Asia
(London: Times Books, 1998), p. 166.
32
. For an interesting discussion of Japan’s specificity, see Alan Macfarlane,
Japan Through the Looking Glass
(London: Profile Books, 2007).
. For an interesting discussion of Japan’s specificity, see Alan Macfarlane,
Japan Through the Looking Glass
(London: Profile Books, 2007).
35
. Boyd and Richerson,
Culture and Evolutionary Process
(Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1985), p. 60.
. Boyd and Richerson,
Culture and Evolutionary Process
(Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1985), p. 60.
36
. Interview with Shad Faruki, Kuala Lumpur, August 1994.
. Interview with Shad Faruki, Kuala Lumpur, August 1994.
37
. Nicholas Ostler,
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World
(London: HarperCollins, 2005), p. 7.
. Nicholas Ostler,
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World
(London: HarperCollins, 2005), p. 7.
38
. Interview with Hung Tze Jan, Taipei, March 1999.
. Interview with Hung Tze Jan, Taipei, March 1999.
39
. James Stanlaw, ‘English in Japanese Communicative Strategies’, in Braj B. Kachru, ed.,
The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), pp. 181-4. It has been estimated that 8 per cent of the total Japanese vocabulary is derived from English, with virtually no reverse traffic; ibid., p. 183. Also Braj B. Kachru,
Asian Englishes: Beyond the Canon
(Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005), p. 81.
. James Stanlaw, ‘English in Japanese Communicative Strategies’, in Braj B. Kachru, ed.,
The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), pp. 181-4. It has been estimated that 8 per cent of the total Japanese vocabulary is derived from English, with virtually no reverse traffic; ibid., p. 183. Also Braj B. Kachru,
Asian Englishes: Beyond the Canon
(Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005), p. 81.
40
. Kachru,
Asian Englishes
, pp. 191-2. A survey in 1998 found that 81.7 per cent of Japanese only speak Japanese even though virtually no one else speaks their language; Dentsu Institute for Human Studies,
Life in the Era of Globalisation: Uncertain Germans and Japanese Versus Confident Americans and British, the Second Comparative Analysis of Global Values
(Tokyo: July 1998). Also, Kachru,
Asian Englishes
, Chapter 4.
. Kachru,
Asian Englishes
, pp. 191-2. A survey in 1998 found that 81.7 per cent of Japanese only speak Japanese even though virtually no one else speaks their language; Dentsu Institute for Human Studies,
Life in the Era of Globalisation: Uncertain Germans and Japanese Versus Confident Americans and British, the Second Comparative Analysis of Global Values
(Tokyo: July 1998). Also, Kachru,
Asian Englishes
, Chapter 4.
43
. Ibid., pp. 116-17.
. Ibid., pp. 116-17.
44
. Ibid., pp. 117, 144, 156-7, 162.
. Ibid., pp. 117, 144, 156-7, 162.
47
. Graddol,
The Future of English
, pp. 60-61; ‘Across All Cultures, English Says It All’,
International Herald Tribune
, 10 April 2007; ‘At Global Business Schools, English Adds Up’,
International Herald Tribune
, 11 April 2007.
. Graddol,
The Future of English
, pp. 60-61; ‘Across All Cultures, English Says It All’,
International Herald Tribune
, 10 April 2007; ‘At Global Business Schools, English Adds Up’,
International Herald Tribune
, 11 April 2007.
50
. Michael Curtin,
Playing to the World’s Biggest Audience: The Globalization of Chinese Film and TV
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), p. 8; Bella Thomas, ‘What the World’s Poor Watch on TV’,
Prospect
, 82, January 2003.
. Michael Curtin,
Playing to the World’s Biggest Audience: The Globalization of Chinese Film and TV
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), p. 8; Bella Thomas, ‘What the World’s Poor Watch on TV’,
Prospect
, 82, January 2003.
54
. Kayoko Aikawa, ‘The Story of Kimono’, in Atsushi Ueda, ed.,
The Electric Geisha: Exploring Japan’s Popular Culture
(Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1994), pp. 111-15.
. Kayoko Aikawa, ‘The Story of Kimono’, in Atsushi Ueda, ed.,
The Electric Geisha: Exploring Japan’s Popular Culture
(Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1994), pp. 111-15.
55
. Suzy Menkes, ‘Hitting the High Cs: Cool, Cute and Creative’,
International Herald Tribune
, 21 March 2006.
. Suzy Menkes, ‘Hitting the High Cs: Cool, Cute and Creative’,
International Herald Tribune
, 21 March 2006.
56
. Lise Skov, ‘Fashion Trends, Japonisme and Postmodernism, or What Is So Japanese About Comme des Garçons?’, in John Whittier Treat, ed.,
Contemporary Japan and Popular Culture
(Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1996), pp. 137-65. Also interview with Valerie Koehn, Tokyo, May-June 1999; Menkes, ‘Hitting the High Cs’.
. Lise Skov, ‘Fashion Trends, Japonisme and Postmodernism, or What Is So Japanese About Comme des Garçons?’, in John Whittier Treat, ed.,
Contemporary Japan and Popular Culture
(Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1996), pp. 137-65. Also interview with Valerie Koehn, Tokyo, May-June 1999; Menkes, ‘Hitting the High Cs’.
57
. Valery M. Garrett,
Chinese Clothing: An Illustrated Guide
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 35.
. Valery M. Garrett,
Chinese Clothing: An Illustrated Guide
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 35.
58
. Valerie Steele and John S. Major,
China Chic: East Meets West
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 16; also pp. 13-35. Also, Garrett,
Chinese Clothing
; interview with Qiao Yiyi, fashion designer, Shanghai, April 1999.
. Valerie Steele and John S. Major,
China Chic: East Meets West
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 16; also pp. 13-35. Also, Garrett,
Chinese Clothing
; interview with Qiao Yiyi, fashion designer, Shanghai, April 1999.
59
. See Karl Gerth,
China Made: Consumer Culture and the Creation of the Nation
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Centre, 2003), Chapter 2.
. See Karl Gerth,
China Made: Consumer Culture and the Creation of the Nation
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Centre, 2003), Chapter 2.
61
. Ibid., pp. 55-62; also Chapter 10.
. Ibid., pp. 55-62; also Chapter 10.
62
. Ibid., pp. 63-7.
. Ibid., pp. 63-7.
63
. Ibid., p. 44.
. Ibid., p. 44.
64
. Ibid., Chapter 4; interview with Shiatzy Chen, Taipei, March 1999; seminar on Chinese dress, Hong Kong, September 1999 (including Blanc de Chine).
. Ibid., Chapter 4; interview with Shiatzy Chen, Taipei, March 1999; seminar on Chinese dress, Hong Kong, September 1999 (including Blanc de Chine).
65
. Steele and Major,
China Chic
, Chapter 4; ‘Asian Ideas Seep into Creations on the West Coast’,
International Herald Tribune
, 11 March 2002.
. Steele and Major,
China Chic
, Chapter 4; ‘Asian Ideas Seep into Creations on the West Coast’,
International Herald Tribune
, 11 March 2002.
68
. Interview with Abdul Rahman Embong, Kuala Lumpur, March 2001.
. Interview with Abdul Rahman Embong, Kuala Lumpur, March 2001.
69
. Interview with Valerie Koehn, Tokyo, May-June1999.
. Interview with Valerie Koehn, Tokyo, May-June1999.
70
. Otto Pohl, ‘The West’s Glossy Magazines “Go Forth and Multiply”’,
International Herald Tribune
, 14-15 February 2004.
. Otto Pohl, ‘The West’s Glossy Magazines “Go Forth and Multiply”’,
International Herald Tribune
, 14-15 February 2004.
72
. Interview with Yang Qingqing, Shanghai, April 1999.
. Interview with Yang Qingqing, Shanghai, April 1999.
73
. Interview with Mei Ling, Taipei, March 1999.
. Interview with Mei Ling, Taipei, March 1999.
75
. Amina Mire, ‘Giving You a Radiant White Skin “Because You Are Worth It”: The Emerging Discourse and Practice of Skin-whitening’, unpublished abstract for PhD, University of Toronto, 2004, p. 16.
. Amina Mire, ‘Giving You a Radiant White Skin “Because You Are Worth It”: The Emerging Discourse and Practice of Skin-whitening’, unpublished abstract for PhD, University of Toronto, 2004, p. 16.
76
. Ibid., for a fascinating account of the racial subtext of the whitening cosmetic industry, and the central role of East Asia. Also, Amina Mire, ‘Pigmenta tion and Empire: The Emerging Skin-whitening Industry’,
A CounterPunch Special Report
, 28 July 2005, pp. 6-8. Umbrellas carried by women as protection from the sun remain a peculiar and distinctive Chinese and Japanese preoccupation.
. Ibid., for a fascinating account of the racial subtext of the whitening cosmetic industry, and the central role of East Asia. Also, Amina Mire, ‘Pigmenta tion and Empire: The Emerging Skin-whitening Industry’,
A CounterPunch Special Report
, 28 July 2005, pp. 6-8. Umbrellas carried by women as protection from the sun remain a peculiar and distinctive Chinese and Japanese preoccupation.
77
. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto,
Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years
(London: Bantam Press, 1995), pp. 683-4.
. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto,
Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years
(London: Bantam Press, 1995), pp. 683-4.
78
. John G. Russell, ‘Race and Reflexivity: The Black Other in Contemporary Japanese Mass Culture’, in Treat, ed.,
Contemporary Japan and Popular Culture
, pp. 17-19, 29-32; also Leo Ching, ‘Yellow Skin, White Mask: Race, Class and Identification in Japanese Cultural Discourse’, in Chen Kuan-Hsing, ed.,
Trajectories: Inter-Asia Cultural Studies
(London: Routledge, 1998), pp. 65-86.
. John G. Russell, ‘Race and Reflexivity: The Black Other in Contemporary Japanese Mass Culture’, in Treat, ed.,
Contemporary Japan and Popular Culture
, pp. 17-19, 29-32; also Leo Ching, ‘Yellow Skin, White Mask: Race, Class and Identification in Japanese Cultural Discourse’, in Chen Kuan-Hsing, ed.,
Trajectories: Inter-Asia Cultural Studies
(London: Routledge, 1998), pp. 65-86.
79
. Interview with Mei Ling, Taipei, March 1999.
. Interview with Mei Ling, Taipei, March 1999.
80
.
Pulse Bites: Consumer Insights Around the World
, 1 April 1999, p. 4; ‘In China, a Big Appetite for Americana’,
International Herald Tribune
, 26 February, 2002.
.
Pulse Bites: Consumer Insights Around the World
, 1 April 1999, p. 4; ‘In China, a Big Appetite for Americana’,
International Herald Tribune
, 26 February, 2002.
81
. K. C. Chang, ed.,
Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 3.
. K. C. Chang, ed.,
Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 3.
82
. Ibid., p. 3.
. Ibid., p. 3.
83
. Ibid., p. 4.
. Ibid., p. 4.
84
. Ibid., pp. 6-7.
. Ibid., pp. 6-7.
85
. David Y. H. Wu and Sidney C. H. Cheung, eds,
The Globalization of Chinese Food
(London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002), p. 4.
. David Y. H. Wu and Sidney C. H. Cheung, eds,
The Globalization of Chinese Food
(London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002), p. 4.
86
. Ibid., p. 3; Chang,
Food in Chinese Culture
, pp. 5, 7; Jacques Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 428.
. Ibid., p. 3; Chang,
Food in Chinese Culture
, pp. 5, 7; Jacques Gernet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 428.
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