When China Rules the World (82 page)
Read When China Rules the World Online
Authors: Jacques Martin
Tags: #History, #Asia, #China, #Political Science, #International Relations, #General
50
. Göran Therborn,
Between Sex and Power: Family in the World, 1900
-
2000
(London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 119-23; also pp. 108-12.
. Göran Therborn,
Between Sex and Power: Family in the World, 1900
-
2000
(London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 119-23; also pp. 108-12.
51
. The old white settler colonies enjoyed a very different relationship with Britain to that of the non-white colonies, and this was reflected in their far greater economic prosperity; Angus Maddison,
The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective
(Paris: OECD, 2006), pp. 184-5.
. The old white settler colonies enjoyed a very different relationship with Britain to that of the non-white colonies, and this was reflected in their far greater economic prosperity; Angus Maddison,
The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective
(Paris: OECD, 2006), pp. 184-5.
52
. Samuel P. Huntington,
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), pp. 48-53; Eric Hobsbawm,
The Age of Empire 1875
-
1914
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987), Chapter 3.
. Samuel P. Huntington,
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), pp. 48-53; Eric Hobsbawm,
The Age of Empire 1875
-
1914
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987), Chapter 3.
59
. Maddison,
The World Economy: Historical Statistics
, p. 262; Maddison,
The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective
(Paris: OECD, 2006), p. 114.
. Maddison,
The World Economy: Historical Statistics
, p. 262; Maddison,
The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective
(Paris: OECD, 2006), p. 114.
60
. Jonathan D. Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, 2nd edn (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), pp. 229-34.
. Jonathan D. Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, 2nd edn (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), pp. 229-34.
61
. Elvin, ‘The Historian as Haruspex’, p. 104.
. Elvin, ‘The Historian as Haruspex’, p. 104.
62
. For a more positive view of the impact of colonialism, see Niall Ferguson,
Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World
(London: Penguin, 2004), pp. 365-81, especially pp. 368-71.
. For a more positive view of the impact of colonialism, see Niall Ferguson,
Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World
(London: Penguin, 2004), pp. 365-81, especially pp. 368-71.
67
. Therborn,
European Modernity and Beyond
, pp. 5-6. Apart from the European and American passages through modernity, there are two other types. The third is that represented by East Asia, where local ruling elites, threatened by Western colonization, sought to modernize their countries in order to forestall this threat: the classic example of this is Japan. (The East Asian model will be the subject of the next chapter.) The fourth type concerns those countries that were successfully colonized and which were obliged to modernize after finally achieving national independence. History suggests that this last category has faced by far the biggest problems.
. Therborn,
European Modernity and Beyond
, pp. 5-6. Apart from the European and American passages through modernity, there are two other types. The third is that represented by East Asia, where local ruling elites, threatened by Western colonization, sought to modernize their countries in order to forestall this threat: the classic example of this is Japan. (The East Asian model will be the subject of the next chapter.) The fourth type concerns those countries that were successfully colonized and which were obliged to modernize after finally achieving national independence. History suggests that this last category has faced by far the biggest problems.
68
. Samuel P. Huntington,
Who Are We? America’s Great Debate
(London: The Free Press, 2005), pp. 44-5.
. Samuel P. Huntington,
Who Are We? America’s Great Debate
(London: The Free Press, 2005), pp. 44-5.
69
. Ibid., p. 40.
. Ibid., p. 40.
70
. Ibid., pp. 53-4.
. Ibid., pp. 53-4.
73
. Robert Kagan,
Dangerous Nation: America and the World 1600
-
1898
(London: Atlantic Books, 2006), Chapter 11; Niall Ferguson,
Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire
(London: Allen Lane, 2004), Chapter 1; Hobsbawm,
The Age of Empire
, p. 58; Eric Hobsbawm, ‘America’s Neo-Conservative World Supremacists Will Fail’,
Guardian
, 25 June 2005.
. Robert Kagan,
Dangerous Nation: America and the World 1600
-
1898
(London: Atlantic Books, 2006), Chapter 11; Niall Ferguson,
Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire
(London: Allen Lane, 2004), Chapter 1; Hobsbawm,
The Age of Empire
, p. 58; Eric Hobsbawm, ‘America’s Neo-Conservative World Supremacists Will Fail’,
Guardian
, 25 June 2005.
74
. G. John Ikenberry,
Liberal Order and Imperial Ambition: Essays on American Power and World Politics
(Cambridge: Polity, 2006), pp. 6-8.
. G. John Ikenberry,
Liberal Order and Imperial Ambition: Essays on American Power and World Politics
(Cambridge: Polity, 2006), pp. 6-8.
75
. Alastair Bonnett,
The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History
(London: Palgrave, 2004), Chapter 1; Huntington,
The Clash of Civilizations
, pp. 69-72; John Gray,
False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism
(London: Granta Books, 1998), p. 125.
. Alastair Bonnett,
The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History
(London: Palgrave, 2004), Chapter 1; Huntington,
The Clash of Civilizations
, pp. 69-72; John Gray,
False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism
(London: Granta Books, 1998), p. 125.
77
. J. M. Roberts,
The Triumph of the West
(London: Phoenix Press, 2001), p. 291. See McNeill,
The Rise of the West
, pp. 806-7, however, for a more cautious view.
3 JAPAN - MODERN BUT HARDLY WESTERN. J. M. Roberts,
The Triumph of the West
(London: Phoenix Press, 2001), p. 291. See McNeill,
The Rise of the West
, pp. 806-7, however, for a more cautious view.
1
. Interview with Chie Nakane, Tokyo, June 1999.
. Interview with Chie Nakane, Tokyo, June 1999.
2
. Michio Morishima,
Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’: Western Technology and the Japanese Ethos
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 20.
. Michio Morishima,
Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’: Western Technology and the Japanese Ethos
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 20.
3
. The first constitution, adopted in AD 604, for example, was an overwhelmingly Confucian document; ibid., p. 26.
. The first constitution, adopted in AD 604, for example, was an overwhelmingly Confucian document; ibid., p. 26.
4
. Ibid., pp. 10, 34.
. Ibid., pp. 10, 34.
5
. Ibid., pp. 35-6, 7.
. Ibid., pp. 35-6, 7.
6
. Ibid., pp. 9, 32, 34.
. Ibid., pp. 9, 32, 34.
7
. Ruth Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture
(London: Secker and Warburg, 1947), pp. 68-9.
. Ruth Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture
(London: Secker and Warburg, 1947), pp. 68-9.
9
. Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, p. 61; Karel van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation
(New York: Vintage, 1990), p. 74.
. Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, p. 61; Karel van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation
(New York: Vintage, 1990), p. 74.
10
. Morishima,
Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’
, pp. 14-15, 45; Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, pp. 61-4.
. Morishima,
Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’
, pp. 14-15, 45; Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, pp. 61-4.
11
. Morishima,
Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’
, pp. 53-4; Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, p. 61; Landes,
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
, pp. 355-6.
. Morishima,
Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’
, pp. 53-4; Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, p. 61; Landes,
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
, pp. 355-6.
12
. Endymion Wilkinson,
Japan Versus the West: Image and Reality
(London: Penguin, 1990), p. 54; G. C. Allen,
A Short Economic History of Modern Japan
(London: George Allen and Unwin, 1962), pp. 20-21.
. Endymion Wilkinson,
Japan Versus the West: Image and Reality
(London: Penguin, 1990), p. 54; G. C. Allen,
A Short Economic History of Modern Japan
(London: George Allen and Unwin, 1962), pp. 20-21.
14
. Ibid., pp. 41-2, 74-5, 89-93.
. Ibid., pp. 41-2, 74-5, 89-93.
15
. Ibid., pp. 70-71, 75, 90; Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, p. 77. For a fuller discussion of this period see, for example, Landes,
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
, Chapter 23.
. Ibid., pp. 70-71, 75, 90; Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, p. 77. For a fuller discussion of this period see, for example, Landes,
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations
, Chapter 23.
16
. Robert Kagan,
Dangerous Nation: America and the World 1600
-
1898
(London: Atlantic Books, 2006), p. 328.
. Robert Kagan,
Dangerous Nation: America and the World 1600
-
1898
(London: Atlantic Books, 2006), p. 328.
21
. ‘Modernization was created by a state without a class struggle’: interview with Peter Tasker, Tokyo, June 1999.
. ‘Modernization was created by a state without a class struggle’: interview with Peter Tasker, Tokyo, June 1999.
22
. Kosaku Yoshino,
Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
(London: Routledge, 1992), p. 123. Also, Chie Nakane,
Japanese Society
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970).
. Kosaku Yoshino,
Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
(London: Routledge, 1992), p. 123. Also, Chie Nakane,
Japanese Society
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970).
24
. Interview with Peter Tasker, Tokyo, June 1999; interview with Tatsuro Hanada, Tokyo, June 1999.
. Interview with Peter Tasker, Tokyo, June 1999; interview with Tatsuro Hanada, Tokyo, June 1999.
25
. Yoshino,
Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
, p. 2; Wilkinson,
Japan versus the West
, pp. 44-5.
. Yoshino,
Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
, p. 2; Wilkinson,
Japan versus the West
, pp. 44-5.
26
. Yoshino,
Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
, pp. 12-20; interviews with Kosaku Yoshino, Tokyo, June 1999 and June 2005.
. Yoshino,
Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
, pp. 12-20; interviews with Kosaku Yoshino, Tokyo, June 1999 and June 2005.
28
. Ibid., pp. 47-8, 55.
. Ibid., pp. 47-8, 55.
31
. Deepak Lal,
Unintended Consequences
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998), pp. 12-13, 91-3, 148; Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, pp. 103, 113-15, 122, 166, 171, 222-4.
. Deepak Lal,
Unintended Consequences
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998), pp. 12-13, 91-3, 148; Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, pp. 103, 113-15, 122, 166, 171, 222-4.
32
.
Suicide Rates
(World Health Organization, 2007). The rates for women are 12.8 for Japan, 4.2 for the US, 3.3 for the UK and 6.6 for Germany.
.
Suicide Rates
(World Health Organization, 2007). The rates for women are 12.8 for Japan, 4.2 for the US, 3.3 for the UK and 6.6 for Germany.
33
. Morishima,
Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’
, pp. 86, 107-17; van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, Chapter 6.
. Morishima,
Why Has Japan ‘Succeeded’
, pp. 86, 107-17; van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, Chapter 6.
34
. Lucian W. Pye,
Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimension of Authority
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 179; van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, pp. 213, 221.
. Lucian W. Pye,
Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimension of Authority
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 179; van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, pp. 213, 221.
35
. See Alan Macfarlane,
Japan Through the Looking Glass
(London: Profile Books, 2007), for an interesting discussion of Japan’s distinctive modernity.
. See Alan Macfarlane,
Japan Through the Looking Glass
(London: Profile Books, 2007), for an interesting discussion of Japan’s distinctive modernity.
37
. Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, p. 70; Yoshino,
Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
, pp. 68-95.
. Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, p. 70; Yoshino,
Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
, pp. 68-95.
39
. Van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, Chapter 5; Chalmers Johnson,
Japan: Who Governs? The Rise of the Developmental State
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), Chapter 6, especially pp. 124-40; Lal,
Unintended Consequences
, p. 146; interview with Tadashi Yamamoto, Tokyo, June 1999.
. Van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, Chapter 5; Chalmers Johnson,
Japan: Who Governs? The Rise of the Developmental State
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), Chapter 6, especially pp. 124-40; Lal,
Unintended Consequences
, p. 146; interview with Tadashi Yamamoto, Tokyo, June 1999.
40
. Van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, Chapter 2. The conception of leadership is also very different from the Western model, less about strong leaders and much more concerned with consensus-building; Pye,
Asian Power and Politics
, p. 171.
. Van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, Chapter 2. The conception of leadership is also very different from the Western model, less about strong leaders and much more concerned with consensus-building; Pye,
Asian Power and Politics
, p. 171.
42
. Interview with Yoshiji Fujita, Research Director, Glaxo Japan, June 1999.
. Interview with Yoshiji Fujita, Research Director, Glaxo Japan, June 1999.
44
. By 1980, Japan had more or less drawn level with the European Community and the United States in terms of GDP per head, and during the 1980s pulled well ahead by this measure; ibid., p. 5.
. By 1980, Japan had more or less drawn level with the European Community and the United States in terms of GDP per head, and during the 1980s pulled well ahead by this measure; ibid., p. 5.
45
. Interview with Yoshiji Fujita, Research Director, Glaxo Japan, June 1999. As Takamitsu Sawa has written: ‘Drunk with joy for having realised a major goal, the Japanese were at a loss to define the next goal. Suffering from a sense of despair they wasted the next decade.’ ‘Japan’s Paradox of Wealth’,
Japan Times
, 30 May 2005.
. Interview with Yoshiji Fujita, Research Director, Glaxo Japan, June 1999. As Takamitsu Sawa has written: ‘Drunk with joy for having realised a major goal, the Japanese were at a loss to define the next goal. Suffering from a sense of despair they wasted the next decade.’ ‘Japan’s Paradox of Wealth’,
Japan Times
, 30 May 2005.
46
. Interview with Peter Tasker, Tokyo, June 1999.
. Interview with Peter Tasker, Tokyo, June 1999.
47
. Interview with Shunya Yoshimi, Tokyo, 1999.
. Interview with Shunya Yoshimi, Tokyo, 1999.
48
. Interview with Valerie Koehn, Tokyo, June 1999; interview with Shunya Yoshimi, Tokyo, June 1999; Sawa,
Japan Times
, 30 May 2005.
. Interview with Valerie Koehn, Tokyo, June 1999; interview with Shunya Yoshimi, Tokyo, June 1999; Sawa,
Japan Times
, 30 May 2005.
50
. Quoted in Alastair Bonnett,
The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History
(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 69.
. Quoted in Alastair Bonnett,
The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History
(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 69.
54
. Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper,
Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941
-
1945
(London: Allen Lane, 2004), p. 3.
. Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper,
Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941
-
1945
(London: Allen Lane, 2004), p. 3.
55
. Van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, p. 331; Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, p. 96.
. Van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, p. 331; Benedict,
The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
, p. 96.
57
. Interview with Masahiko Nishi, University of Ritsumeikan, Kyoto, November 2005.
. Interview with Masahiko Nishi, University of Ritsumeikan, Kyoto, November 2005.
58
. Racist adverts and books are not uncommon; for example, ‘Mandom Pulls the Plug on Racist TV Commercial’,
Japan Times
, 15 June 2005, and ‘“Sambo” Resurrectionists: What’s Racist?’, 16 June 2005 (concerning publication of
Little Black Sambo
).
. Racist adverts and books are not uncommon; for example, ‘Mandom Pulls the Plug on Racist TV Commercial’,
Japan Times
, 15 June 2005, and ‘“Sambo” Resurrectionists: What’s Racist?’, 16 June 2005 (concerning publication of
Little Black Sambo
).
59
. Van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, pp. 265, 267; Frank Dikötter, ed.,
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
(London: Hurst, 1997), p. 6.
. Van Wolferen,
The Enigma of Japanese Power
, pp. 265, 267; Frank Dikötter, ed.,
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
(London: Hurst, 1997), p. 6.
62
. ‘Forum Mulls Ways to Make Racial Discrimination Illegal Here’,
Japan Times
, 2 July 2005; ‘UN Investigator Tells Japan to Draft Law Against Racism’,
Japan Times
, 13 July 2005.
4 CHINA’S IGNOMINY. ‘Forum Mulls Ways to Make Racial Discrimination Illegal Here’,
Japan Times
, 2 July 2005; ‘UN Investigator Tells Japan to Draft Law Against Racism’,
Japan Times
, 13 July 2005.
1
. This account is based on: Jonathan D. Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, 2nd edn (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), pp. 121-3, 154-60; Julia Lovell,
The Great Wall: China against the World 1000 BC-AD 2000
(London: Atlantic Books, 2006), pp. 1-10; John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman,
China: A New History
(Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 196-7; Alain Peyrefitte,
The Collision of Two Civilizations: The British Expedition to China in 1792
-
4
(London: Harvill, 1993), pp. 13, 76, 150-51, 291.
. This account is based on: Jonathan D. Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, 2nd edn (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), pp. 121-3, 154-60; Julia Lovell,
The Great Wall: China against the World 1000 BC-AD 2000
(London: Atlantic Books, 2006), pp. 1-10; John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman,
China: A New History
(Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006), pp. 196-7; Alain Peyrefitte,
The Collision of Two Civilizations: The British Expedition to China in 1792
-
4
(London: Harvill, 1993), pp. 13, 76, 150-51, 291.
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