When China Rules the World (88 page)
Read When China Rules the World Online
Authors: Jacques Martin
Tags: #History, #Asia, #China, #Political Science, #International Relations, #General
62
. Quoted in Daniel A. Bell,
China’s New Confucianism: Politics and Everyday Life in a Changing Society
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 9.
. Quoted in Daniel A. Bell,
China’s New Confucianism: Politics and Everyday Life in a Changing Society
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 9.
64
. Interview with Kang Xiaoguang, Beijing, 1 December 2005.
. Interview with Kang Xiaoguang, Beijing, 1 December 2005.
65
. Zheng Yongnian,
Will China Become Democratic?
, p. 91; and interview with Kang Xiaoguang, Beijing, 1 December 2005. Kang was the first to propose the idea of the Confucius Institute to the government. He has suggested that Confucianism should replace Marxism in education.
. Zheng Yongnian,
Will China Become Democratic?
, p. 91; and interview with Kang Xiaoguang, Beijing, 1 December 2005. Kang was the first to propose the idea of the Confucius Institute to the government. He has suggested that Confucianism should replace Marxism in education.
67
. Paul A. Cohen,
Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 32
. Paul A. Cohen,
Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 32
69
. Ibid., p. 9.
. Ibid., p. 9.
72
. Chen Kuan-Hsing, ‘Civil Society and Min-jian: On Political Society and Popular Democracy’,
Cultural Studies
, 17: 6 (2003), pp. 876-96.
. Chen Kuan-Hsing, ‘Civil Society and Min-jian: On Political Society and Popular Democracy’,
Cultural Studies
, 17: 6 (2003), pp. 876-96.
74
. For a discussion of Confucian ideas in practice, see ibid., pp. 210-14. Wang Gungwu argues there are three types of Confucian thinking; see
China and the Overseas Chinese
(Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1991), pp. 259-61.
. For a discussion of Confucian ideas in practice, see ibid., pp. 210-14. Wang Gungwu argues there are three types of Confucian thinking; see
China and the Overseas Chinese
(Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1991), pp. 259-61.
76
. Ibid., pp. 12-13.
. Ibid., pp. 12-13.
77
. For an interesting discussion of some of these issues, see Bell,
China’s New Confucianism
, pp. 14-18.
. For an interesting discussion of some of these issues, see Bell,
China’s New Confucianism
, pp. 14-18.
78
. Zheng Yongnian,
Will China Become Democratic?
, p. 140; and interview with Yu Zengke, Beijing, 22 May 2006.
. Zheng Yongnian,
Will China Become Democratic?
, p. 140; and interview with Yu Zengke, Beijing, 22 May 2006.
79
. Zheng Yongnian,
Will China Become Democratic?
, pp. 48-70; Wang Zhengxu, ‘Understanding Democratic Thinking in China’, seminar paper, East Asia Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 April 2006.
. Zheng Yongnian,
Will China Become Democratic?
, pp. 48-70; Wang Zhengxu, ‘Understanding Democratic Thinking in China’, seminar paper, East Asia Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 April 2006.
80
. Interview with Yu Zengke, Beijing, 22 May 2006.
. Interview with Yu Zengke, Beijing, 22 May 2006.
82
. In 2006 China had 132 million internet users, the second largest number after the US.See Christopher R. Hughes and Gudrun Wacker, eds,
China and the Internet: Politics of the Digital Leapforward
(London: Routledge, 2003), Chapter 3; and Wang Xiaodong, ‘Chinese Nationalism under the Shadow of Globalisation’, lecture at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 7 February 2005.
. In 2006 China had 132 million internet users, the second largest number after the US.See Christopher R. Hughes and Gudrun Wacker, eds,
China and the Internet: Politics of the Digital Leapforward
(London: Routledge, 2003), Chapter 3; and Wang Xiaodong, ‘Chinese Nationalism under the Shadow of Globalisation’, lecture at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 7 February 2005.
83
. Interview with Yu Zengke, Beijing, 22 May 2006.
. Interview with Yu Zengke, Beijing, 22 May 2006.
89
. Edward Wong, ‘A Bid to Help Poor Rural China Catch Up’,
International Herald Tribune
, 13 October, 2008; ‘On Solid Ground’,
South China Morning Post
, 23 February, 2008.
. Edward Wong, ‘A Bid to Help Poor Rural China Catch Up’,
International Herald Tribune
, 13 October, 2008; ‘On Solid Ground’,
South China Morning Post
, 23 February, 2008.
93
. Ibid., pp. 245-6.
. Ibid., pp. 245-6.
96
. Ibid., pp. 256-60.
. Ibid., pp. 256-60.
97
. Ibid., p. 269.
. Ibid., p. 269.
98
. Ibid., p. 266.
. Ibid., p. 266.
99
. Ibid., pp. 93, 265-6. The examples are legion: ‘China Oil Tycoon Placed Under Arrest’,
South China Morning Post
, 27 December 2006; ‘China Fund Says Almost $1 billion Misused’,
International Herald Tribune
, 25-6 November 2006; and ‘Shenzhen Tycoon on Trial for Theft’,
South China Morning Post
, 13 November 2006.
. Ibid., pp. 93, 265-6. The examples are legion: ‘China Oil Tycoon Placed Under Arrest’,
South China Morning Post
, 27 December 2006; ‘China Fund Says Almost $1 billion Misused’,
International Herald Tribune
, 25-6 November 2006; and ‘Shenzhen Tycoon on Trial for Theft’,
South China Morning Post
, 13 November 2006.
100
. Seminar paper by Song Weiquiang, Aichi University, 21 May 2005. According to the Ministry of Public Security, the number of disturbances to public order rose to 87,000 in 2005 (
South China Morning Post
, 20 January 2006). See also Song Weiquiang, ‘Study on Massive Group Incidents of Chinese Peasants’, PhD dissertation, Nankai University, 20 April 2006, pp. 4-5.
. Seminar paper by Song Weiquiang, Aichi University, 21 May 2005. According to the Ministry of Public Security, the number of disturbances to public order rose to 87,000 in 2005 (
South China Morning Post
, 20 January 2006). See also Song Weiquiang, ‘Study on Massive Group Incidents of Chinese Peasants’, PhD dissertation, Nankai University, 20 April 2006, pp. 4-5.
102
. Ibid., pp. 308-17.
. Ibid., pp. 308-17.
104
. Interview with Yu Zengke, Beijing, 22 May 2006.
. Interview with Yu Zengke, Beijing, 22 May 2006.
108
. John Fitzgerald,
Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), p. 85. These terms and others such as ‘sovereignty’ and ‘ethnicity’ were often Western imports. Shi Anbin, ‘Mediating Chineseness’, p. 2, in Reid and Zheng,
Negotiating Asymmetry
.
. John Fitzgerald,
Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), p. 85. These terms and others such as ‘sovereignty’ and ‘ethnicity’ were often Western imports. Shi Anbin, ‘Mediating Chineseness’, p. 2, in Reid and Zheng,
Negotiating Asymmetry
.
109
. Interview with Huang Ping, Beijing, 10 December 2005.
. Interview with Huang Ping, Beijing, 10 December 2005.
111
. Robert Kagan,
Dangerous Nation: America and the World 1600
-
1898
(London: Atlantic Books, 2006), pp. 15-17, 130-33,137, 250-51.
. Robert Kagan,
Dangerous Nation: America and the World 1600
-
1898
(London: Atlantic Books, 2006), pp. 15-17, 130-33,137, 250-51.
113
. Interview with Yu Yongding, Singapore, 3 March 2006.
. Interview with Yu Yongding, Singapore, 3 March 2006.
115
. David C. Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks’,
International Security
, 27: 4 (Spring 2003), p. 84.
8 THE MIDDLE KINGDOM MENTALITY. David C. Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks’,
International Security
, 27: 4 (Spring 2003), p. 84.
1
. William A. Callahan,
Contingent States: Greater China and Transnational Relations
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), pp. 2, 26.
. William A. Callahan,
Contingent States: Greater China and Transnational Relations
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), pp. 2, 26.
3
. Bob Herbert in
International Herald Tribune
, 2 March 2007, from David Brion Davis,
Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
. Bob Herbert in
International Herald Tribune
, 2 March 2007, from David Brion Davis,
Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
4
. For a recognition of the importance of race and ethnicity in the formulation of foreign policy, see Thomas J. Christensen, Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, ‘Conclusions and Future Directions’, in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds,
New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), pp. 410-11.
. For a recognition of the importance of race and ethnicity in the formulation of foreign policy, see Thomas J. Christensen, Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, ‘Conclusions and Future Directions’, in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds,
New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), pp. 410-11.
5
. Jared Diamond,
Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years
(London: Vintage, 1998), p. 324; Julia Lovell,
The Great Wall: China Against the World 1000 BC
-
AD 2000
(London: Atlantic Books, 2006), p. 48; and Jacques Genet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), Chapter 1.
. Jared Diamond,
Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years
(London: Vintage, 1998), p. 324; Julia Lovell,
The Great Wall: China Against the World 1000 BC
-
AD 2000
(London: Atlantic Books, 2006), p. 48; and Jacques Genet,
A History of Chinese Civilization
, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), Chapter 1.
6
. Suisheng Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 39, 40, 166-7; W. J. F. Jenner, ‘Race and History in China’,
New Left Review
, 11 (September/October 2001), p. 71.
. Suisheng Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 39, 40, 166-7; W. J. F. Jenner, ‘Race and History in China’,
New Left Review
, 11 (September/October 2001), p. 71.
7
. Peter C. Perdue,
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
(Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 508.
. Peter C. Perdue,
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
(Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 508.
9
. Barry Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent, Racial Nationalism and Ethnic Minorities in the People’s Republic of China’, in Frank Dikötter, ed.,
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
(London: Hurst and Company, 1997), p. 79; and Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 167, 171.
. Barry Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent, Racial Nationalism and Ethnic Minorities in the People’s Republic of China’, in Frank Dikötter, ed.,
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
(London: Hurst and Company, 1997), p. 79; and Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 167, 171.
10
. Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent’, p. 81.
. Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent’, p. 81.
11
. Frank Dikötter, introduction to his
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
, p. 1.
. Frank Dikötter, introduction to his
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
, p. 1.
12
. W. J. F. Jenner, ‘Race and History in China’, pp. 74-6.
. W. J. F. Jenner, ‘Race and History in China’, pp. 74-6.
14
. Frank Dikötter, ‘Racial Discourse in China: Continuities and Permutations’, in his
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
, p. 20; and Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent’, pp. 84-9.
. Frank Dikötter, ‘Racial Discourse in China: Continuities and Permutations’, in his
The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
, p. 20; and Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent’, pp. 84-9.
17
. John Reader,
Missing Links: The Hunt for Earliest Man
(London: Penguin, 1999), p. 111, quoted in Dikötter, ‘Racial Discourse in China,’ p. 29; Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 168-9;and Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent’, p. 87.
. John Reader,
Missing Links: The Hunt for Earliest Man
(London: Penguin, 1999), p. 111, quoted in Dikötter, ‘Racial Discourse in China,’ p. 29; Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, pp. 168-9;and Sautman, ‘Myths of Descent’, p. 87.
18
. Geoff Wade, ‘Some Topoi in Southern Border Historiography During the Ming (and Their Modern Relevance)’ in Sabine Dabringhaus and Roderich Ptak, eds,
China and Her Neighbours: Borders, Visions of the Other, Foreign Policy 10th to 19th Century
(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997), p. 147.
. Geoff Wade, ‘Some Topoi in Southern Border Historiography During the Ming (and Their Modern Relevance)’ in Sabine Dabringhaus and Roderich Ptak, eds,
China and Her Neighbours: Borders, Visions of the Other, Foreign Policy 10th to 19th Century
(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997), p. 147.
20
. Zhao,
A Nation State by Construction
, p. 169; interview with Wang Xiaodong, Beijing, 29 August 2005; and Wade, ‘Some Topoi’, pp. 135-57.
. Zhao,
A Nation State by Construction
, p. 169; interview with Wang Xiaodong, Beijing, 29 August 2005; and Wade, ‘Some Topoi’, pp. 135-57.
21
. Zheng Yangwen, ‘Move People Buttress Frontier: Regime Orchestrate [
sic
] Migration-Settlement in the Two Millennia’, workshop on ‘Asian Expansions: The Historical Processes of Polity Expansion in Asia’, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 12-13 May 2006, p. 1.
. Zheng Yangwen, ‘Move People Buttress Frontier: Regime Orchestrate [
sic
] Migration-Settlement in the Two Millennia’, workshop on ‘Asian Expansions: The Historical Processes of Polity Expansion in Asia’, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 12-13 May 2006, p. 1.
22
. Johnston argues that Chinese military strategy, contrary to much conventional wisdom, has traditionally placed the major emphasis on what he calls a ‘parabellum’ approach - that conflict is a constant feature of human affairs; Alastair Iain Johnston,
Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 249-59. Wang Xiaodong points out: ‘Chinese academics say China has a peaceful history but the Qing dynasty was very violent in its imperial expansion. When people tell you that China was peaceful, it is lies.’ Interview with Wang Xiaodong, Beijing, 29 August 2005.
. Johnston argues that Chinese military strategy, contrary to much conventional wisdom, has traditionally placed the major emphasis on what he calls a ‘parabellum’ approach - that conflict is a constant feature of human affairs; Alastair Iain Johnston,
Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 249-59. Wang Xiaodong points out: ‘Chinese academics say China has a peaceful history but the Qing dynasty was very violent in its imperial expansion. When people tell you that China was peaceful, it is lies.’ Interview with Wang Xiaodong, Beijing, 29 August 2005.
24
. Ibid., p. 83.
. Ibid., p. 83.
25
. ‘The Mongol threat was defined in essentially racialist, zero-sum terms.’ Johnston,
Cultural Realism
, p. 250.
. ‘The Mongol threat was defined in essentially racialist, zero-sum terms.’ Johnston,
Cultural Realism
, p. 250.
27
. Wang Gungwu,
Joining the Modern World: Inside and Outside China
(Singapore and London: Singapore University Press and World Scientific, 2000), p. 11.
. Wang Gungwu,
Joining the Modern World: Inside and Outside China
(Singapore and London: Singapore University Press and World Scientific, 2000), p. 11.
30
. Ibid., p. 544.
. Ibid., p. 544.
31
. Ibid., p. 345.
. Ibid., p. 345.
32
. Zheng Yangwen, ‘Move People Buttress Frontier’, pp. 1-4, 11-12.
. Zheng Yangwen, ‘Move People Buttress Frontier’, pp. 1-4, 11-12.
35
. Ibid., pp. 44-6.
. Ibid., pp. 44-6.
38
. R. Bin Wong,
China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience
(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2000), p. 103; Peter C. Perdue, ‘Why Do Empires Expand?’, workshop on ‘Asian Expansions: The Historical Processes of Polity Expansion in Asia’, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 12-13 May 2006; and Callahan,
Contingent States
, p. 87.
. R. Bin Wong,
China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience
(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2000), p. 103; Peter C. Perdue, ‘Why Do Empires Expand?’, workshop on ‘Asian Expansions: The Historical Processes of Polity Expansion in Asia’, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 12-13 May 2006; and Callahan,
Contingent States
, p. 87.
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