When China Rules the World (90 page)

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Authors: Jacques Martin

Tags: #History, #Asia, #China, #Political Science, #International Relations, #General

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136
. Interview with Wang Xiaodong, Beijing, August 2005.
137
. Interview with Huang Ping, Beijing, May 2006.
138
. Diamond,
Guns, Germs and Steel
, p. 323.
139
. Jenner, ‘Race and History in China’, p. 57.
140
. Interview with Huang Ping, Beijing, May 2006.
141
. Ibid.
142
. Quoted in Jonathan D. Spence,
The Search for Modern China
, 2nd edn (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999) p. 679.
143
. Chen, ‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’.
144
. Interview with Lu Liang, Taipei, March 1999.
145
. Fairbank,
The Chinese World Order
, pp. 36-8.
146
. Martin Jacques, ‘Global Hierarchy of Race’,
Guardian
, 20 September 2003.
147
. Zhao,
A Nation-State by Construction
, p. 51.
148
. Yan Xuetong, ‘The Rise of China in Chinese Eyes’,
Journal of Contemporary China
, 10: 26 (2001), pp. 33-4.
149
. Pye,
The Spirit of Chinese Politics
, p. 50.
150
. Shi Anbin, ‘Mediating Chineseness: Identity Politics and Media Culture in Contemporary China’, in Anthony Reid and Zheng Yangwen, eds,
Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia
(Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), p. 19.
9 CHINA’S OWN BACKYARD
1
. Thomas Fuller, ‘Asia Builds a New Road to Prosperity’,
International Herald Tribune
, 31 March 2008.
2
. Zhang Yunling and Tang Shiping, ‘China’s Regional Strategy’, in David Shambaugh, ed.,
Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), pp. 51-2.
3
. John King Fairbank, ed.,
The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 10-11; Alexander Vuving, ‘Traditional and Modern Sino-Vietnamese Relations’, in Anthony Reid and Zheng Yangwen, eds,
Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia
(Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), p. 2.
4
. Seo-Hyun Park, ‘Small States and the Search for Sovereignty in Sinocentric Asia: The Case of Japan and Korea in the Late Nineteenth Century’, in Reid and Zheng,
Negotiating Asymmetry
, pp. 3-10.
5
. William A. Callahan,
Contingent States
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), pp. 88-9.
6
. Park, ‘Small States, and the Search for Sovereighty in Sinocentity Asia’, pp. 3-11.
7
. Chung-in Moon and Seung-won Suh, ‘Overcoming History: The Politics of Identity and Nationalism’,
Global Asia
, 2: 1, (5 April 2007), pp. 35-6.
8
. David C. Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks’,
International Security
, 27: 4 (Spring 2003), pp. 66-7.
9
. Ibid., p. 11; Callahan,
Contingent States
, p. 89.
10
. Suisheng Zhao, ed.,
Chinese Foreign Policy
(New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), p. 256.
11
. Wang Gungwu, ‘China and Southeast Asia’, in Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, p. 197; Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong’, p. 84.
12
. Though the ASEAN countries importantly did not condemn China, see David Shambaugh, ‘Return to the Middle Kingdom? China and Asia in the Early Twenty-first Century’, in Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, p. 26.
13
. It became merely a consultative partner of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1994.
14
. Wang Jisi, ‘China’s Changing Role in Asia’, p. 4, available at
www.irchina.org
.
15
. Yu Bin, ‘China and Russia: Normalizing Their Strategic Partnership’, in Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, p. 232. China has also managed to agree all its borders with its East Asian neighbours, the outstanding exception being those with India.
16
. Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, p. 30; John W. Garver, ‘China’s Influence in Central and South Asia: Is It Increasing?’, in Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, p. 211; and Yu Bin, ‘China and Russia’, p. 236.
17
. Zhang Yunling,
East Asian Regionalism and China
(Beijing: World Affairs Press, 2005), pp. 31-2.
18
. Ibid., p. 67.
19
. Shambaugh, ‘Return to the Middle Kingdom? China and Asia in the Early Twenty-first Century’, in Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, pp. 26-7.
20
. Quoted in David C. Kang,
China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), p. 131.
21
. Anthony Reid, ‘Nationalisms in South East Asia’, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore seminar paper, 24 January 2006.
22
. Shee Poon Kim, ‘East Asian New Regionalism: Toward Economic Integration? ’,
Ritsumeikan International Affairs
, 5, 2003, p. 70.
23
. Zhang Yunling,
East Asian Regionalism and China
, p. 3; Shee Poon Kim, ‘The Political Economy of Mahathir’s China Policy: Economic Cooperation, Political and Strategic Ambivalence’,
Annual Review of International Studies
, 3 (2004), p. 7.
24
. Shambaugh, ‘Return to the Middle Kingdom?’, p. 27.
25
.
www.aseansec.org/16646.htm
; and Wang Gungwu, ‘China and Southeast Asia’, p. 204.
26
. Zhang Yunling,
East Asian Regionalism and China
, p. 18.
27
. Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, p. 32; and Callahan,
Contingent States
, p. 71.
28
. Rex Li, ‘Security Challenge of an Ascendant China: Great Power Emergence and International Stability’, in Zhao,
Chinese Foreign Policy
, p. 28.
29
. Callahan,
Contingent States
, p. 66. An 8,000-strong contingent of Marines is based on Hainan Island for the purpose of defending China’s claims.
30
. Zhang Yunling, ed.,
Designing East Asian FTA: Rationale and Feasibility
(Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2006), p. 61; Nobutoshi Akao, ‘Re-energizing Japan’s Asean Policy’,
AJISS-Commentary
, 2 August 2007, posted on
www.jiia.or.jp/en
.
31
. Chu Shulong, ‘US Security Strategy in Asia and the Regional Security Regime: A Chinese View’, paper for IIPS International Conference, Tokyo, 30 November - 1 December 2004.
32
. Zhang Yunling,
East Asian Regionalism and China
, pp. 24, 29.
33
. David M. Lampton, ‘China’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America’s Expense’, in Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, p. 312.
34
. Kim, ‘East Asian New Regionalism’, p. 65.
35
. Zhang and Tang, ‘China’s Regional Strategy’, pp. 52-3.
36
. Michael Yahuda, ‘The Evolving Asian Order: The Accommodation of Rising Chinese Power’, in Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, p. 349.
37
. Jim O’Neill et al., ‘China and Asia’s Future Monetary System’,
Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper
, 129 (12 September 2005), p. 11; for details of the Chiang Mai Initiative, see
www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/bulletin2002/ch8.pdf
.
38
. Zhang Yunling,
East Asian Regionalism and China
, p. 54.
39
. Ibid., p. 29; also Martin Wolf, ‘Asia Needs the Freedom of Its Own Monetary Fund’,
Financial Times
, 19 May 2004.
40
. Interview with Zhu Feng, Beijing, 16 November 2005.
41
. Zhu Feng, ‘Regionalism, Nationalism and China’s Regional Activism in East Asia’, unpublished paper, 2006, p. 4; and Takashi Inoguchi, ‘Nationalism, Globalisation and Regional Order in North-East Asia: The Case of Japan at the Dawn of the Century’, paper presented at conference on ‘Nationalism and Globalisation in North-East Asia’, Asia Research Centre, London School of Economics, 12 May 2007,
42
. Ibid., p. 6.
43
. Hideo Ohashi, ‘China’s Regional Trade and Investment Profile’, in Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, p. 72; Guillaume Gaulier, Françoise Lemoine, Deniz Ünal-Kesenci, ‘China’s Integration in East Asia: Production Sharing, FDI and High-Tech Trade’,
CEPII Working Paper No. 2005
-
09
, pp. 35-6.
44
. Wang Zhengyi, ‘Contending Regional Identity in East Asia: ASEAN Way and Its Implications’, unpublished paper, 2001, pp. 12-15. World Bank,
The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), Chapters 1, 4.
45
. Gaulier, Lemoine and Ünal-Kesenci, ‘China’s Integration in East Asia’, p. 34.
46
. Zhang and Tang, ‘China’s Regional Strategy’, p. 51.
47
. Interview with Zhang Yunling, Beijing, 17 May 2006.
48
. Lampton, ‘China’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America’s Expense’, p. 311.
49
. Zhang and Tang, ‘China’s Regional Strategy’, p. 62.
50
. Lampton, ‘China’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America’s Expense’, p. 310.
51
. Jane Perlez, ‘Forests in Southeast Asia Fall to Prosperity’s Ax’,
New York Times
, 29 April 2006; ‘China and the East Asia Survey’,
The Economist
, 5 May 2007.
52
. Zhang and Tang, ‘China’s Regional Strategy’, p. 62; and Ohashi, ‘China’s Regional Trade and Investment Profile’, p. 76.
53
. Lampton, ‘China’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America’s Expense’, p. 311.
54
. Zhang and Tang, ‘China’s Regional Strategy’, p. 54.
55
. Interview with Zhang Yunling, Beijing, 17 May 2006.
56
. Interview with Yu Yongding, Singapore, 3 March 2006; Yu Yongding, ‘The Interactions between China and the World Economy’, Nikkei Simbon Symposium, 5 April 2005, pp. 5, 7; Jim O’Neill et al., ‘China and Asia’s Future Monetary System’, p. 13.
57
. Ibid., p. 5; interview with Yu Yongding, Singapore, 3 March 2006.
58
. Joshua Kurlantzick,
Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 105-6.
59
. Clyde Prestowitz,
Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East
(New York: Basic Books, 2006), pp. 229-30.
60
. Lampton, ‘China’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America’s Expense’, pp. 307, 317.
61
. David Shambaugh, ‘China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order’,
International Security
, 29: 3 (Winter 2004/5), p. 64.
62
. Kurlantzick,
Charm Offensive
, p. 98.
63
. Ibid., pp. 99-100; ‘China’s “Soft Power” Is Winning Allies in Asia’,
International Herald Tribune
, 12 July 2007.
64
. Kurlantzick,
Charm Offensive
, pp. 102-3.
65
. Shambaugh, ‘Return to the Middle Kingdom?’, p. 125.
66
. Quoted in Kang,
China Rising
, p. 127. This was a personal communication with the author.
67
. Kim, ‘The Political Economy of Mahathir’s China Policy’, pp. 1, 3-4, 11, 15-16; Wang Gungwu, ‘China and Southeast Asia’, p. 191; and Garver, ‘China’s Influence in Central and South Asia,’ pp. 219-20.
68
. Wang Gungwu, ‘China and Southeast Asia’, pp. 194, 198.
69
. Kim, ‘The Political Economy of Mahathir’s China Policy’, pp. 10-12.
70
. Ibid.
71
. Amy Chua,
World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability
(London: William Heinemann, 2003), pp. 25-44.
72
. Jae Ho Chung, ‘China’s Ascendancy and the Korean Peninsula: From Interest Revaluation to Strategic Realignment?’, in Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, pp. 151-62; Kang,
China Rising
, Chapter 5.
73
. Ibid., p. 151; Victor D. Cha, ‘Engaging China: The View from Korea’, in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds,
Engaging China: the Management of an Emerging Power
(London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 32-56.
74
. Shambaugh, ‘Return to the Middle Kingdom?’, pp. 33-4.
75
. South Korea sends more than 13,000 students a year to China, a figure equal to the total number of Koreans who studied in the US at the height of US-South Korean relations between 1953 and 1975; Kurlantzick,
Charm Offensive
, p. 117.
76
. Shambaugh, ‘China Engages Asia’, p. 79.
77
. Chung, ‘China’s Ascendancy and the Korean Peninsula’, pp. 156, 160-61.
78
. Ibid., p. 160.
79
. Ibid., pp. 161-2.
80
. Jonathan D. Pollack, ‘The Transformation of the Asian Security Order: Assessing China’s Impact’, in Shambaugh,
Power Shift
, pp. 338-9, 342.
81
. South Korea, however, is fiercely protective of its independence and identity, and took considerable offence over an interpretation by Chinese historians in 2003 that the ancient kingdom of Koguryo (37 BC-AD 668) had been part of China. Intense diplomatic activity in 2004 saw the dispute shelved; Shambaugh, ‘China Engages Asia’, p. 80.
82
. Peter Smith and Richard McGregor, ‘Good Days: Australia Prospers from China’s Resource Needs’,
Financial Times
, 2 April 2008. Also ‘A Ravenous Dragon’, a special report on China’s quest for resources,
The Economist
, 15 March 2008, pp. 8-9.
83
. ‘Australia Shifts Course, Away from US’, posted on
www.bbc.co.uk/news
. Greg Barnes, ‘Australia Finds a New Role as Sino-US Matchmaker’,
South China Morning Post
, 26 February 2008, and ‘Rudd Hitches Australia’s Future to Rising China’,
South China Morning Post
, 14 August 2008.

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