Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar (46 page)

52.
   J. S. Furnivall,
An Introduction to the Political Economy of Burma
(Rangoon: Burma Book Club, 1931). Furnivall,
Colonial Policy and Practice.
J. S. Furnivall,
The Governance of Modern Burma
(New York, NY: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1958).

53.
   F. S. V. Donnison,
Public Administration in Burma: A Study of Development during the British Connexion
(London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1953). F. S. V. Donnison,
Burma
(London: Benn, 1970).

54.
   D. G. E. Hall,
Burma
(London: Hutchinson, 1950). Hugh Tinker,
The Union of Burma: A Study of the First Years of Independence
(London: Oxford University Press, 1957). John F. Cady,
A History of Modern Burma
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958). Dorothy Woodman,
The Making of Burma
(London: Cresset Press, 1962). Frank N. Trager,
Burma, from Kingdom to Republic: A Historical and Political Analysis
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1966). Maung Htin Aung,
A History of Burma
(New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1967).

55.
   Tinker,
The Union of Burma
, p.1.

56.
   Thant Myint-U,
The Making of Modern Burma
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p.10.

57.
   Thant Myint-U,
The River of Lost Footsteps
, pp.5, 162.

58.
   Charney,
A History of Modern Burma
.

59.
   Cady,
A History of Modern Burma
, p.4. Also see Tinker’s review, which dwells on this point. Hugh Tinker, review of John F. Cady,
A History of Modern Burma
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958),
Pacific Affairs
32 (1959), 213–15.

60.
   Robert H. Taylor,
The State in Myanmar
(Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009), p.5.

61.
   Michael Aung-Thwin,
Pagan: The Origins of Modern Burma
(Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 1985).

62.
   Hall,
Burma
, p.14.

63.
   Hall,
Burma
, pp.28–37. Ashley South,
Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma: The Golden Sheldrake
(London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003).

64.
   Victor B. Lieberman,
Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c.1580–1760
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), p.3.

65.
   Taylor,
The State in Myanmar
, p.6.

66.
   Taylor,
The State in Myanmar
, p.5.

67.
   Scott,
The Art of Not Being Governed
.

68.
   Michael Adas,
The Burma Delta: Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852–1941
(Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974).

69.
   Taylor,
The State in Myanmar
, p.1.

70.
   Maung Maung Gyi,
Burmese Political Values: The Socio-political Roots of Authoritarianism
(New York, NY: Praeger, 1983).

71.
   Michael Aung-Thwin, “1948 and Burma’s Myth of Independence,” in Josef Silverstein (ed.),
Independent Burma at Forty Years: Six Assessments
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 1989), 19–34.

72.
   In the preface to the later edition of his book, Taylor wrote:
“The State in Burma
did not predict and I did not anticipate the dramatic events of 1988. Some reviewers and critics were happy to draw attention to that point. Whether their prediction skills were and are more acute than mine is for others to decide.” Taylor,
The State in Myanmar
, p.xv.

73.
   Taylor,
The State in Myanmar
, p.4.

74.
   Scott,
The Art of Not Being Governed
.

75.
   Furnivall,
The Governance of Modern Burma
, p.3.

76.
   Bertil Lintner,
Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948
(Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994), p.41.

77.
   Robert H. Taylor, “British Policy towards Myanmar and the Creation of the ‘Burma Problem’,” in N. Ganesan and Kyaw Yin Hlaing (eds),
Myanmar: State, Society and Ethnicity
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007), 70–95, pp.72–3.

78.
   Thant Myint-U,
The River of Lost Footsteps
, p.41.

79.
   Aung San Suu Kyi,
Burma and India: Some Aspects of Intellectual Life under Colonialism
(Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1990), p.33.

80.
   Cady,
A History of Modern Burma
, p.155.

81.
   Donnison,
Public Administration in Burma
.

82.
   Ian Holliday, “Doing Business with Rights Violating Regimes: Corporate Social Responsibility and Myanmar’s Military Junta,”
Journal of Business Ethics
61:4 (2005), 329–42.

83.
   Ironically, those expectations were perhaps expressed most fully by Maung Maung in
Burma’s Constitution
, published in 1959 and 1961. This was an extended celebration of an emergent democracy about to be crushed by a military-state complex that the author himself was to join, and indeed briefly head in the middle months of 1988. Maung Maung,
Burma’s Constitution
.

84.
   Gustaaf Houtman, “Sacralizing or Demonizing Democracy? Aung San Suu Kyi’s ‘Personality Cult’,” in Monique Skidmore (ed.),
Burma at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century
(Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 2005), 133–53.

85.
   Compare a remark from 2004 that hostile commentary often makes it “almost impossible or politically unacceptable to portray any positive aspects of the military regime.” Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung,
Behind the Teak Curtain
, p.xii. Also see Selth, “Modern Burma Studies,” pp.433–9.

86.
   Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies,
Myanmar Civil Society’s Response to Cyclone Nargis
, p.2.

87.
   Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies,
Ethnic People Speak
, p.192.

88.
   Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies,
Ethnic People Speak
, p.196.

89.
   Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies,
Myanmar Civil Society’s Response to Cyclone Nargis
, p.2.

90.
   Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies,
Myanmar Civil Society’s Response to Cyclone Nargis
, p.51.

Chapter 1

1.
     John F. Cady,
A History of Modern Burma
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958), p.67.

2.
     Frank N. Trager,
Burma, from Kingdom to Republic: A Historical and Political Analysis
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1966), p.19.

3.
     British terminology is still in use, with local people sometimes speaking in English of Lower and Upper Burma.

4.
     Amitav Ghosh,
The Glass Palace
(New York, NY: Random House, 2000).

5.
     Neil A. Englehart, “Liberal Leviathan or Imperial Outpost? J. S. Furnivall on Colonial Rule in Burma,”
Modern Asian Studies
45 (2011), forthcoming.

6.
     G. E. Harvey,
British Rule in Burma, 1824–1942
(London: Faber and Faber, 1946), p.77.

7.
     Englehart, “Liberal Leviathan or Imperial Outpost?.”

8.
     J. S. Furnivall,
Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948), pp. 71–2, 160.

9.
     John L. Christian, “Burma: Strategic and Political,”
Far Eastern Survey
11:3 (1942), 40–4. Robert H. Taylor, “Politics in Late Colonial Burma: The Case of U Saw,”
Modern Asian Studies
10:2 (1976), 161–93.

10.
   Taylor, “Politics in Late Colonial Burma,” p. 165.

11.
   J. S. Furnivall,
An Introduction to the Political Economy of Burma
(Rangoon: Burma Book Club, 1931). Also see J. A. Hobson,
Imperialism: A Study
(London: J. Nisbet & Co., 1902), and V. I. Lenin,
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism: A Popular Outline
(New York, NY: International Publishers, 1939).

12.
   Englehart, “Liberal Leviathan or Imperial Outpost?.”

13.
   Maurice Collis,
Last and First in Burma (1941–1948)
(London: Faber and Faber, 1956), p.290.

14.
   Julie Pham, “J. S. Furnivall and Fabianism: Reinterpreting the ‘Plural Society’ in Burma,”
Modern Asian Studies
39:2 (2005), 321–48.

15.
   Cady,
A History of Modern Burma
, p.125.

16.
   For an analysis of perceptions of Burma recorded by British travelers, see Stephen L. Keck, “Picturesque Burma: British Travel Writing 1890–1914,”
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
35:3 (2004), 387–414.

17.
   Sir Charles Crosthwaite,
The Pacification of Burma
(London: Frank Cass, 1968).

18.
   Mark Duffield, “On the Edge of ‘No Man’s Land’: Chronic Emergency in Myanmar,” School of Sociology, Politics, and International Studies, University of Bristol Working Paper No. 01-08, p.8.
www.bristol.ac.uk/spais/research/workingpapers/wpspaisfiles/duffield0108.pdf
.

19.
   Michael W. Charney,
A History of Modern Burma
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p.5.

20.
   E. R. Leach, “The Frontiers of ‘Burma’,”
Comparative Studies in Society and History
3:1 (1960), 49–68. Dorothy Woodman,
The Making of Burma
(London: Cresset Press, 1962). Woodman opens her book by noting that Burma’s borders were not fully mapped until a frontier agreement was signed with China on October 1, 1960.

21.
   Leach, “The Frontiers of ‘Burma’.” F. K. Lehman,
The Structure of Chin Society: A Tribal People of Burma Adapted to a Non-Western Civilization
(Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1963).

22.
   E. R. Leach,
Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure
(London: G. Bell, 1954).

23.
   Thant Myint-U,
The Making of Modern Burma
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p.3.

24.
   Englehart, “Liberal Leviathan or Imperial Outpost?.”