Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar (49 page)

35.
   Geoffrey Fairbairn, “Some Minority Problems in Burma,”
Pacific Affairs
30:4 (1957), 299–311.

36.
   Furnivall, “Burma, Past and Present.” Cady, “The Situation in Burma,” pp.49–54.

37.
   Pye,
Politics, Personality, and Nation Building
, pp.61–2.

38.
   John H. Badgley, ‘Burma’s Political Crisis,”
Pacific Affairs
31:4 (1958), 336–51, p.351.

39.
   Mary P. Callahan, “Burma: Soldiers as State Builders,” in Muthiah Alagappa (ed.),
Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), 413–29, pp.417–22.

40.
   Cady, “The Situation in Burma,” p.53.

41.
   Callahan,
Making Enemies
, p.5.

42.
   Thant Myint-U,
The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma
(New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006), p.275.

43.
   Bigelow, “The 1960 Election in Burma,” p.74.

44.
   Callahan,
Making Enemies
, p.5.

45.
   Callahan,
Making Enemies
, pp.168–9.

46.
   Callahan,
Making Enemies
, p.189.

47.
   Josef Silverstein, “The Federal Dilemma in Burma,”
Far Eastern Survey
28:7 (1959), 97–105. John H. Badgley, “Burma: The Nexus of Socialism and Two Political Traditions,”
Asian Survey
3:2 (1963), 89–95, pp.91–2.

48.
   Fred von der Mehden, “Burma’s Religious Campaign against Communism,”
Pacific Affairs
33:3 (1960), 290–9.

49.
   Callahan,
Making Enemies
, p.177.

50.
   Callahan,
Making Enemies
, p.18.

51.
   Frank N. Trager, “Political Divorce in Burma,”
Foreign Affairs
37:2 (1959), 317–27.

52.
   Maung Htin Aung,
A History of Burma
(New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1967), p.324.

53.
   Frank N. Trager, “The Political Split in Burma,”
Far Eastern Survey
27:10 (1958), 145–55.

54.
   Trager, “Political Divorce in Burma,” p.323.

55.
   Richard Butwell, “The New Political Outlook in Burma,”
Far Eastern Survey
29:2 (1960), 21–7, pp.25, 23.

56.
   Donald Eugene Smith,
Religion and Politics in Burma
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), pp.230–80.

57.
   Frank N. Trager, “The Failure of U Nu and the Return of the Armed Forces in Burma,”
Review of Politics
25:3 (1963), 309–28, p.320. Smith,
Religion and Politics in Burma
, pp.312–20.

58.
   Callahan,
Making Enemies
, p.203.

59.
   On planning, see Tin Maung Maung Than,
State Dominance in Myanmar: The Political Economy of Industrialization
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007), pp.35–9.

60.
   Michael W. Charney,
A History of Modern Burma
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p.81.

61.
   Myat Thein,
Economic Development of Myanmar
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004), p.54.

62.
   Myat Thein,
Economic Development of Myanmar
, pp.17–18.

63.
   Frank N. Trager,
Burma, from Kingdom to Republic: A Historical and Political Analysis
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1966), pp.314–21.

64.
   Badgley, “Burma.” Tinker,
The Union of Burma
, pp.124–6.

65.
   John F. Cady,
A History of Modern Burma
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958), p.621. One US adviser who worked in Burma (effectively in the Prime Minister’s Office) from September 1953 to February 1959 subsequently wrote up the experience. See Louis J. Walinsky,
Economic Development in Burma: 1951–1960
(New York, NY: Twentieth Century Fund, 1962).

66.
   Callahan,
Making Enemies
.

67.
   Richard Butwell, “The Four Failures of U Nu’s Second Premiership,”
Asian Survey
2:1 (March 1962), 3–11.

68.
   Mary Callahan, “Myanmar’s Perpetual Junta: Solving the Riddle of the Tatmadaw’s Long Reign,”
New Left Review
60 (Nov/Dec 2009), 26–63, p.40.

69.
   David I. Steinberg, “‘Legitimacy’ in Burma/Myanmar: Concepts and Implications,” in N. Ganesan and Kyan Yin Hlaing (eds),
Myanmar: State, Society and Ethnicity
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies/Hiroshima Peace Institute, 2007), 109–42, p.121.

70.
   U Nu,
The People Win Through: A Play
(New York, NY: Taplinger, 1957).

71.
   Kyaw Yin Hlaing, “Setting the Rules for Survival: Why the Burmese Military Regime Survives in an Age of Democratization,”
Pacific Review
22:3 (2009), 271–91, p.276.

72.
   John Badgley, “Burma’s Military Government: A Political Analysis,”
Asian Survey
2:6 (August 1962), 24–31, p.24. John H. Badgley, “Burma,” p.90.

73.
   Inge Sargent,
Twilight over Burma: My Life as a Shan Princess
(Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 1994). Patricia W. Elliott,
The White Umbrella: A Woman’s Struggle for Freedom in Burma
, 2
^nd
ed. (Bangkok: Friends Books, 2006). Sao Sanda,
The Moon Princess: Memories of the Shan States
(Bangkok: River Books, 2008).

74.
   Maung Maung,
The 1988 Uprising in Burma
, p.28.

75.
   Badgley, “Burma’s Military Government,” p.24.

76.
   Trager, “The Failure of U Nu and the Return of the Armed Forces in Burma,” pp.320–1.

77.
   S. E. Finer’s
The Man on Horseback
was published several months after Ne Win’s coup. In its first sentence it noted that “The year 1962 opened with brisk outbursts of military revolt.” S. E. Finer,
The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics
(London: Pall Mall Press, 1962), p.1.

78.
   David W. Chang, “The Military and Nation-building in Korea, Burma and Pakistan,”
Asian Survey
9:11 (1969), 818–30, p.830.

79.
   Fred R. von der Mehden, “The Burmese Way to Socialism,”
Asian Survey
3:3 (March 1963), 129–35.

80.
   Tin Maung Maung Than,
State Dominance in Myanmar
, pp.111–13.

81.
   John F. Cady,
The United States and Burma
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), p.18.

82.
   Mya Maung,
Totalitarianism in Burma: Prospects for Economic Development
(New York, NY: Paragon House, 1992), pp.5–8.

83.
   Mya Maung, “Socialism and Economic Development of Burma,”
Asian Survey
4:12 (1964), 1182–90. John Badgley, “Intellectuals and the National Vision: The Burmese Case,”
Asian Survey
9:8 (1969), 598–613.

84.
   Sir Richard Allen, “Britain’s Colonial Aftermath in South East Asia,”
Asian Survey
3:9 (1963), 403–14, p.406.

85.
   Josef Silverstein, “First Steps on the Burmese Way to Socialism,”
Asian Survey
4:2 (1964), 716–22, p.716.

86.
   Thant Myint-U,
The River of Lost Footsteps
, p.294.

87.
   Badgley, “Burma,” p.91.

88.
   Badgley, “Burma,” p.93.

89.
   John H. Badgley, “Burma’s Zealot Wungyis: Maoists or St. Simonists,”
Asian Survey
5:1 (1965), 55–62, p.55.

90.
   Robert A. Holmes, “Burmese Domestic Policy: The Politics of Burmanization,”
Asian Survey
7:3 (1967), 188–97, pp.191–3.

91.
   Thant Myint-U,
The River of Lost Footsteps
, p.296.

92.
   Martin J. Smith,
Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
, 2
^nd
ed. (London: Zed Books, 1999), p.259.

93.
   Josef Silverstein, “Burma: Ne Win’s Revolution Considered,”
Asian Survey
6:2 (1966), 95–102.

94.
   Badgley, “Burma’s Zealot Wungyis,” p.55.

95.
   Hugh Tinker,
The Union of Burma: A Study of the First Years of Independence
, 4
^th
ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), p.388.

96.
   Kyi May Kaung, “Theories, Paradigms, or Models in Burma Studies,”
Asian Survey
35:11 (1995), 1030–41.

97.
   Teruko Saito, “Farm Household Economy under Paddy Delivery System in Contemporary Burma,”
The Developing Economies
19:4 (1981), 367–97.

98.
   Peter John Perry,
Myanmar (Burma) since 1962: The Failure of Development
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), p.54.

99.
   Perry,
Myanmar (Burma) since 1962
, p.60.

100.
 Perry,
Myanmar (Burma) since 1962
, p.78.

101.
 Tin Maung Maung Than,
State Dominance in Myanmar
.

102.
 Perry,
Myanmar (Burma) since 1962
, p.109.

103.
 Frank N. Trager, “Burma: 1967 – A Better Ending than Beginning,”
Asian Survey
8:2 (1968), 110–19, p.111.

104.
 Perry,
Myanmar (Burma) since 1962
, p.27.

105.
 Jon A. Wiant and David I. Steinberg, “Burma: The Military and National Development,” in J. Soedjati Djiwandono and Yong Mun Cheing (eds),
Soldiers and Stability in Southeast Asia
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1988), 293–321.

106.
 Perry,
Myanmar (Burma) since 1962
, pp.28–31.

107.
 Silverstein, “Burma,” p.95.

108.
 Koichi Fujita, “Agricultural Labourers in Myanmar during the Economic Transition: Views from the Study of Selected Villages,” in Koichi Fujita, Fumiharu Mieno and Ikuko Okamoto (eds),
The Economic Transition in Myanmar after 1988: Market Economy versus State Control
(Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), 246–80, pp.247–52.