Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar (53 page)

119.
 Anna J. Allott,
Inked Over, Ripped Out: Burmese Storytellers and the Censors
(Chiang Mai: Silkworm, 1994).

120.
 Reporters Without Borders,
Freedom of the Press Worldwide in 2007: 2007 Annual Report
(Paris: Reporters Without Borders, 2007), pp.77–78.

121.
 Reporters Without Borders,
World Report 2010: Burma
.

122.
 Jennifer Leehey, “Writing in a Crazy Way: Literary Life in Contemporary Urban Burma,” in Monique Skidmore (ed.),
Burma at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century
(Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 2005), 175–205. Fink,
Living Silence in Burma
, pp.209–25.

123.
 Human Rights Watch,
“I Want to Help My Own People”: State Control and Civil Society in Burma after Cyclone Nargis
(New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2010), p.78, n.188. BBC Burmese, operating continuously since September 2, 1940, claims to be the leading external broadcaster with a weekly Myanmar audience of 8.4 million listeners. BBC Press Office, “BBC Burmese at 70: Roadshow in Thailand launches newsletter for Burmese migrants,” September 1, 2010 press release.

124.
 Ko Htwe, “Burmese tuning in to events in Libya,”
Irrawaddy
, March 23, 2011.

125.
 Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies,
Listening to Voices from Inside: Myanmar Civil Society’s Response to Cyclone Nargis
(Phnom Penh: Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, no date), p.187.

126.
 Many other sites, including the BBC, CNN, Google, Yahoo!, and YouTube, were banned.

127.
 Evgeny Morozov,
The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom
(New York, NY: PublicAffairs, 2011).

128.
 In total, 37 countries were surveyed. Freedom House,
Freedom on the Net 2011: A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital Media
(Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2011).

129.
 Skidmore,
Karaoke Fascism
, pp.58–78.

130.
 David Steinberg, “The Union Solidarity and Development Association,”
Burma Debate
IV:1 (Jan/Feb 1997).
www.burmadebate.org/archives/janfebbttm.html#usda
.

131.
 International Crisis Group,
Myanmar: The Role of Civil Society
(Bangkok/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2001), p.i.

132.
 Network for Democracy and Development,
The White Shirts
, p.38.

133.
 Ashley South, “Political Transition in Myanmar: A New Model for Democratization,”
Contemporary Southeast Asia
26:2 (2004), 233–55.

134.
 Karl Dorning, “Creating an Environment for Participation: International NGOs and the Growth of Civil Society in Burma/Myanmar,” in Trevor Wilson, ed.,
Myanmar’s Long Road to National Reconciliation
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006), 188–217. Brian Heidel,
The Growth of Civil Society in Myanmar
(Bangalore: Books for Change, 2006). David Tegenfeldt, “More than Saving Lives: The Role of International Development Agencies in Supporting Change Processes in Burma/Myanmar,” in Trevor Wilson, ed.,
Myanmar’s Long Road to National Reconciliation
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006), 218–30.

135.
 Kyaw Yin Hlaing, “Associational Life in Myanmar: Past and Present,” in N. Ganesan and Kyaw Yin Hlaing, eds,
Myanmar: State, Society and Ethnicity
(Singapore and Hiroshima: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies and Hiroshima Peace Institute, 2007), 143–71, p.167.

136.
 Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies,
Myanmar Civil Society’s Response to Cyclone Nargis.
Emergency Assistance Team (Burma) and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,
After the Storm: Voices from the Delta
(No place: Emergency Assistance Team (Burma) and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2009).

137.
 Tripartite Core Group,
Post-Nargis Joint Assessment: A Report Prepared by the Tripartite Core Group Comprised of Representatives of the Government of the Union of Myanmar, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the United Nations with the Support of the Humanitarian and Development Community
(No place: Tripartite Core Group, 2008), p.29.

138.
 Chillingly, a June 2008 US Embassy cable reported that the number of Nargis deaths could be far higher: “On Saturday, June 7, [Vice Senior General] Maung Aye reportedly met with the regime’s top crony, Tay Za, and told him the government calculated that approximately 300,000 people had perished in the cyclone, but that this number would be released to the public ‘over his dead body’.” US Department of State, “Burma: struggles at the top affecting relief effort,” June 11, 2008. WikiLeaks US Embassy Cables, ref. 08RANGOON471.

139.
 Emma Larkin,
Everything Is Broken: The Untold Story of Disaster under Burma’s Military Regime
(London: Granta, 2010). Vicary, “The Relief and Reconstruction Programme following Cyclone Nargis.”

140.
 Human Rights Watch,
“I Want to Help My Own People,”
pp.52–3.

141.
 Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies,
Myanmar Civil Society’s Response to Cyclone Nargis
.

142.
 Human Rights Watch,
“I Want to Help My Own People,”
p.84.

143.
 The figure comes from the Myanmar Information Management Unit, and is cited by the Three Diseases Fund.
www.3dfund.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=54
.

144.
 Paung Ku,
Strengthening Civil Society in Myanmar
(No place: Paung Ku, 2010), pp.5–8.

145.
 Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies,
Listening to Voices from Inside: Ethnic People Speak
(Phnom Penh: Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, 2010).

146.
 Matthews, “The Present Fortune of Tradition-bound Authoritarianism in Myanmar,” pp.18–21. Stephen McCarthy, “Overturning the Alms Bowl: The Price of Survival and the Consequences for Political Legitimacy in Burma,”
Australian Journal of International Affairs
62:3 (2008), 298–314. Julianne Schober,
Modern Buddhist Conjunctures in Myanmar: Cultural Narratives, Colonial Legacies, and Civil Society
(Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 2010).

147.
 J. A. Berlie,
The Burmanization of Myanmar’s Muslims
(Bangkok: White Lotus Press, 2008). Fink,
Living Silence in Burma
, pp.236–41.

148.
 Martin J. Smith,
Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
, 2
^nd
ed. (London: Zed Books, 1999). Martin Smith,
State of Strife: The Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict in Burma
(Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington, 2007).

149.
 Amporn Jirattikorn, “Shan Virtual Insurgency and the Spectatorship of the Nation,”
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
42:1 (2011), 17–38.

150.
 Human Rights Watch,
World Report 2007: Events of 2006
(New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2007), p.249.

151.
 Human Rights Watch,
World Report 2007
, p.250. Christian Solidarity Worldwide, “Deaf villager shot dead, Karen woman raped and murdered and thousands displaced in Burma Army offensive,”
BurmaNet News
, May 24, 2007. Also see Stephen Hull, “The ‘Everyday Politics’ of IDP Protection in Karen State,”
Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs
28:2 (2009), 7–21.

152.
 Thailand Burma Border Consortium,
Internal Displacement and International Law in Eastern Burma
(Bangkok: Thailand Burma Border Consortium, 2008). Partners Relief and Development and Free Burma Rangers,
Displaced Childhoods: Human Rights and International Crimes against Burma’s Internally Displaced Children
(Chiang Mai: Partners Relief and Development and Free Burma Rangers, 2010).

153.
 Josef Silverstein, “The Civil War, the Minorities and Burma’s New Politics,” in Peter Carey, ed.,
Burma: The Challenge of Change in a Divided Society
(Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1997), 129–58. Christina Fink, “Militarization in Burma’s Ethnic States: Causes and Consequences,”
Contemporary Politics
14:4 (2008), 447–62.

154.
 Callahan,
Political Authority in Burma’s Ethnic Minority States
, p.25.

155.
 Tom Kramer,
Neither War nor Peace: The Future of the Cease-fire Agreements in Burma
(Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 2009).

156.
 Emma Haddad,
The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008). Also see Hazel J. Lang,
Fear and Sanctuary: Burmese Refugees in Thailand
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 2002).

157.
 Shelby Tucker,
Among Insurgents: Walking through Burma
(London: Radcliffe Press, 2000). Zoya Phan with Damien Lewis,
Little Daughter: A Memoir of Survival in Burma and the West
(London: Simon & Schuster, 2009). Mac McClelland,
For Us Surrender Is out of the Question: A Story from Burma’s Never-ending War
(Berkeley, CA: Soft Skull, 2010). Also see: Mike Tucker,
The Long Patrol: With Karen Guerillas in Burma
(Bangkok: Asia Books, 2003); Edith Mirante,
Down the Rat Hole: Adventures Underground on Burma’s Frontiers
(Bangkok: Orchid, 2005); Phil Thornton,
Restless Souls: Rebels, Refugees, Medics and Misfits on the Thai-Burma Border
(Bangkok: Asia Books, 2006); Richard Humphries,
Frontier Mosaic: Voices of Burma from the Lands in Between
(Bangkok: Orchid, 2007). Sylvester Stallone’s film
Rambo
, released in 2008, is crude and distorting.

158.
 Local people often use the terms Arakan Muslim or Rakhine Muslim rather than Rohingya. Berlie,
The Burmanization of Myanmar’s Muslims
.

159.
 Irish Centre for Human Rights,
Crimes against Humanity in Western Burma: The Situation of the Rohingyas
(Galway: Irish Centre for Human Rights, 2010).

160.
 Human Rights Watch,
The Rohingya Muslims: Ending a Cycle of Exodus?
(New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 1996). Médecins Sans Frontières-Holland,
10 Years for the Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh: Past, Present and Future
(No place: Médecins Sans Frontières-Holland, 2002). Human Rights Watch,
Perilous Plight: Burma’s Rohingya Take to the Seas
(New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2009).

161.
 Women’s League of Burma,
Women in and from Conflict Areas of Burma
(No place: Women’s League of Burma, 2000). Shan Human Rights Foundation and Shan Women’s Action Network,
License to Rape: The Burmese Military Regime’s Use of Sexual Violence in the Ongoing War in Shan State
(Chiang Mai: Shan Human Rights Foundation and Shan Women’s Action Network, 2002). Karen Women’s Organization,
Shattering Silences: Karen Women Speak Out about the Burmese Military Regime’s Use of Rape as a Strategy of War in Karen State
(Mae Sariang: Karen Women’s Organization, 2004). Karen Human Rights Group,
Dignity in the Shadow of Oppression: The Abuse and Agency of Karen Women under Militarisation
(No place: Karen Human Rights Group, 2006). Karen Women’s Organisation,
State of Terror: The Ongoing Rape, Murder, Torture and Forced Labour Suffered by Women Living under the Burmese Military Regime in Karen State
(Mae Sariang, Karen Women’s Organisation, 2007). Women’s League of Chinland,
Unsafe State: State-sanctioned Sexual Violence against Chin Women in Burma
(No place: Women’s League of Chinland, 2007). Women’s League of Burma,
In the Shadow of the Junta: CEDAW Shadow Report
(Chiang Mai: Women of Burma, 2008). Karen Women Organization,
Walking amongst Sharp Knives: The Unsung Courage of Karen Women Village Chiefs in Conflict Areas of Eastern Burma
(Mae Sariang: Karen Women Organization, 2010).