Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar (52 page)

72.
   Eric Neumayer, “The Impact of Political Violence on Tourism: Dynamic Cross-national Estimation,”
Journal of Conflict Resolution
48:2 (2004), 259–81.

73.
   Andrea Valentin, “Citizen diplomacy through tourism?,” Democratic Voice of Burma, February 18, 2011.

74.
   Ian Holliday, “The Yadana Syndrome? Big Oil and Principles of Corporate Engagement in Myanmar,”
Asian Journal of Political Science
13:2 (December 2005), 29–51.

75.
   Toshihiro Kudo and Fumiharu Mieno, “Trade, Foreign Investment and Myanmar’s Economic Development in the Transition to an Open Economy,” in Koichi Fujita, Fumiharu Mieno and Ikuko Okamoto (eds),
The Economic Transition in Myanmar after 1988: Market Economy versus State Control
(Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), 103–27, Table 4.

76.
   Kudo and Mieno, “Trade, Foreign Investment and Myanmar’s Economic Development in the Transition to an Open Economy,” pp.111–16.

77.
   
International Herald Tribune
, “An industrial project that could change Myanmar,” November 26, 2010.

78.
   Myat Thein,
Economic Development of Myanmar
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004), pp.235–6.

79.
   Ken MacLean, “Spaces of Extraction: Governance along the Riverine Networks of Nyaunglebin District,” in Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds),
Myanmar: The State, Community and the Environment
(Canberra: ANU E Press and Asian Pacific Press, 2007), 246–70. Nancy Hudson-Rodd and Sein Htay, “Farmers, Land and Military Rule in Burma,” in Nick Cheesman, Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds),
Ruling Myanmar: From Cyclone Nargis to National Elections
(Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2010), 147–67.

80.
   Kachin Development Networking Group,
Valley of Darkness: Gold Mining and Militarization in Burma’s Hugawng Valley
(No place: Kachin Development Networking Group, 2007). EarthRights International,
Turning Treasure into Tears: Mining, Dams, and Deforestation in Shwegyin Township, Pegu Division, Burma
(Chiang Mai: EarthRights International, 2007). Karen Human Rights Group,
Development by Decree: The Politics of Poverty and Control in Karen State
(No place: Karen Human Rights Group, 2007). Mon Youth Progressive Organization,
In the Balance: Salween Dams Threaten Downstream Communities in Burma
(No place: Mon Youth Progressive Organization, 2007). Kachin Development Networking Group,
Damming the Irrawaddy
(No place: Kachin Development Networking Group, 2007). Ethnic Community Development Forum,
Biofuel by Decree: Unmasking Burma’s Bio-energy Fiasco
(No place: Ethnic Community Development Forum, 2008). Kayan Women’s Union,
Drowning the Green Ghosts of Kayanland: Impacts of the Upper Paunglaung Dam in Burma
(No place: Kayan Women’s Union, 2008). Human Rights Foundation of Monland,
Laid Waste: Human Rights along the Kanbauk to Myaing Kalay Gas Pipeline
(Bangkok: Human Rights Foundation of Monland, 2009). Pa-O Youth Organization,
Robbing the Future: Russian-backed Mining Project Threatens Pa-O Communities in Shan State, Burma
(No place: Pa-O Youth Organization, 2009). Shan Sapawa Environmental Organization,
Roots and Resilience
(No place: Shan Sapawa Environmental Organization, 2009). Kachin Development Networking Group,
Resisting the Flood: Communities Taking a Stand against the Imminent Construction of Irrawaddy Dams
(No place: Kachin Development Networking Group, 2009). Kachin Development Networking Group,
Tyrants, Tycoons and Tigers: Yuzana Company Ravages Burma’s Hugawng Valley
(No place: Kachin Development Networking Group, 2010). Pa-Oh Youth Organization and Kyoju Action Network,
Poison Clouds: Lessons from Burma’s Largest Coal Project at Tigyit
(No place: Pa-Oh Youth Organization and Kyoju Action Network, 2011).

81.
   The ILO – Yangon website provides full details.
www.ilo.org/yangon/lang--en/index.htm
.

82.
   Duffield, “On the Edge of ‘No Man’s Land’,” p.31.

83.
   Network for Democracy and Development,
The White Shirts
.

84.
   Raymond L. Bryant, “The Greening of Burma: Political Rhetoric or Sustainable Development?,”
Pacific Affairs
69:3 (1996), 341–59. Tun Myint, “Environmental Governance in the SPDC’s Myanmar,” in Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds),
Myanmar: The State, Community and the Environment
(Canberra: ANU E Press and Asian Pacific Press, 2007), 189–217. United Nations Environment Programme,
National Sustainable Development Strategy: Myanmar.
www.rrcap.unep.org/nsds/brief/Myanmar%20brief.pdf
.

85.
   Global Witness,
A Conflict of Interests: The Uncertain Future of Burma’s Forests
(London: Global Witness, 2003). Global Witness,
A Choice for China: Ending the Destruction of Burma’s Northern Frontier Forests
(London: Global Witness, 2005). Tint Lwin Thaung, “Identifying Conservation Issues in Kachin State,” in Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds),
Myanmar: The State, Community and the Environment
(Canberra: ANU E Press and Asian Pacific Press, 2007), 271–89. Global Witness,
A Disharmonious Trade: China and the Continued Destruction of Burma’s Northern Frontier Forests
(London: Global Witness, 2009).

86.
   Matthew Smith, “Environmental Governance of Mining in Burma,” in Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds),
Myanmar: The State, Community and the Environment
(Canberra: ANU E Press and Asian Pacific Press, 2007), 218–45.

87.
   Images Asia and Pan Kachin Development Society,
At What Price? Gold Mining in Kachin State, Burma
(Chiang Mai: Images Asia, 2004), cover page.

88.
   Arkar Moe, “Burmese gems for sale,”
Irrawaddy
, June 24, 2009.

89.
   Fumiharu Mieno, “Characteristics of Capital Accumulation in Myanmar, 1988–2003,” in Koichi Fujita, Fumiharu Mieno and Ikuko Okamoto (eds),
The Economic Transition in Myanmar after 1988: Market Economy versus State Control
(Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), 23–65, pp.29–31.

90.
   
Economist
, “The lion kings?,” January 8, 2011, 70–1, p.70. In another story in the same issue, the magazine noted that “Global league tables are interesting, but not always reliable.”
Economist
, “Wrong numbers,” January 8, 2011, 58–60, p.58.

91.
   Fujita, et al., “Myanmar’s Economic Transformation after 1988,” Table 1.

92.
   Asia Society Task Force Report,
Current Realities and Future Possibilities in Burma/Myanmar: Options for U.S. Policy
(No place: Asia Society, 2010), pp.27–9.

93.
   Turnell, et al, “Burma’s Economy 2009,” p.633.

94.
   Turnell, et al, “Burma’s Economy 2009,” p.645.

95.
   Sean Turnell, Wylie Bradford and Alison Vicary, “Burma’s Economy 2009: Disaster, Recovery … and Reform?,”
Asian Politics and Policy
1:4 (2009), 631–59, p.636.

96.
   UN Data, “Myanmar.”
http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=MYANMAR
.

97.
   Asia Society Task Force Report,
Current Realities and Future Possibilities in Burma/Myanmar
, p.24.

98.
   Turnell, et al, “Burma’s Economy 2009,” p.632.

99.
   Sean Turnell, “Finding Dollars and Sense: Burma’s Economy in 2010,” in Susan L. Levenstein, ed.,
Finding Dollars, Sense, and Legitimacy in Burma
(Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2010), 20–39, p.20.

100.
 Turnell, et al, “Burma’s Economy 2009,” p.636.

101.
 Turnell, et al, “Burma’s Economy 2009,” p.655.

102.
 Human Rights Watch,
“I Want to Help My Own People,”
p.93. Also see Sean Turnell, “Recapitalizing Burma’s Rural Credit System,” in Nick Cheesman, Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds),
Ruling Myanmar: From Cyclone Nargis to National Elections
(Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2010), 126–46.

103.
 Sean Turnell,
Fiery Dragons: Banks, Moneylenders and Microfinance in Burma
(Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2009).

104.
 Purchasing power parity translates national income into the dollar equivalent for a person living in the US. Thus, Myanmar citizens face the kinds of challenge a US citizen would face if living on $1,596 a year, $133 a month, or $4.37 a day.

105.
 United Nations Development Programme,
Human Development Report 2010: The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development
(New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme, 2010), Table 1.

106.
 David I. Steinberg,
Burma: A Socialist Nation of Southeast Asia
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982), p.33.

107.
 Callahan,
Political Authority in Burma’s Ethnic Minority States
, p.9.

108.
 Mary Callahan, “The Endurance of Military Rule in Burma: Not Why, but Why Not?,” in Susan L. Levenstein, ed.,
Finding Dollars, Sense, and Legitimacy in Burma
(Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2010), 54–76, p.60.

109.
 Emma Larkin,
Secret Histories: Finding George Orwell in a Burmese Teashop
(London: John Murray, 2004).

110.
 Matthews, “The Present Fortune of Tradition-bound Authoritarianism in Myanmar,” p.15.

111.
 Network for Democracy and Development,
The White Shirts: How the USDA Will Become the New Face of Burma’s Dictatorship
(Mae Sariang: Network for Democracy and Development, 2006), pp.18–19.

112.
 Aung San Suu Kyi,
Freedom from Fear; And Other Writings
, 2
^nd
ed. (London: Penguin, 1995), pp.180–5. Skidmore,
Karaoke Fascism
, pp.33–57. Fink,
Living Silence in Burma
, pp.113–52.

113.
 Andrew Selth,
Burma’s Armed Forces: Power without Glory
(Norwalk, CT: EastBridge, 2002). Maung Aung Myoe,
Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces since 1948
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009). Andrew Selth, “Known Knowns and Known Unknowns: Measuring Myanmar’s Military Capabilities,”
Contemporary Southeast Asia
31 (2009), 272–95.

114.
 Human Rights Watch,
“My Gun Was as Tall as Me”: Child Soldiers in Burma
(New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2002). Human Rights Watch,
Sold to Be Soldiers: The Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers in Burma
(New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2007). US Department of State,
Trafficking in Persons Report
, 10
^th
ed. (Washington, DC: US Department of State, 2010), p.10.

115.
 Maung Aung Myoe,
Building the Tatmadaw
, pp.163–92.

116.
 Mary P. Callahan, “Burma: Soldiers as State Builders,” in Muthiah Alagappa (ed.),
Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), 413–29, pp.424–5.

117.
 
Irrawaddy
, “Chronology of Burma’s laws restricting freedom of opinion, expression and the press,” May 1, 2004.

118.
 Reporters Without Borders,
World Report 2010: Burma
(No place: Reporters Without Borders, 2010).