Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar (60 page)

35.
   Walzer,
Thinking Politically
, p.221.

36.
   Walzer,
Thinking Politically
, pp.221–2.

37.
   David Miller,
National Responsibility and Global Justice
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp.124–6.

38.
   Miller,
National Responsibility and Global Justice
, p.80.

39.
   Miller,
National Responsibility and Global Justice
, pp.5–6.

40.
   Henry Shue, “Mediating Duties,”
Ethics
98:4 (1988), 687–704, p.688.

41.
   Robert H. Jackson,
Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World
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42.
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^nd
ed. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008).

43.
   Pogge,
World Poverty and Human Rights
, pp.118–22, 202–21.

44.
   John Rawls,
The Law of Peoples: With “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited”
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

45.
   Khin Nyunt’s argument was that SLORC “has been accepted as [a military government] by the United Nations and the respective nations of the world.”
Working People’s Daily
, “State LORC Declaration No. 1/90 of July 27, 1990,” July 29, 1990.

46.
   Richard M. Auty,
Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis
(London: Routledge, 1993). Paul Collier,
The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done about It
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

47.
   Richard W. Miller,
Globalizing Justice: The Ethics of Poverty and Power
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p.1.

48.
   Miller,
Globalizing Justice
, pp.69–77.

49.
   Miller,
Globalizing Justice
, p.162.

50.
   Miller,
Globalizing Justice
, p.163.

51.
   Iris Chang,
The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
(New York, NY: Basic Books, 1997).

52.
   John Breen (ed.),
Yasukuni, the War Dead and the Struggle for Japan’s Past
(New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2008).

53.
   In the mid-1950s, Collis noted that British colonialists themselves had a “change of view in the twentieth century, when we began to doubt whether empire building was as noble an occupation as we had conceived.” Maurice Collis,
Last and First in Burma (1941–1948)
(London: Faber and Faber, 1956), p.291. Also see Mark Duffield, “On the Edge of ‘No Man’s Land’: Chronic Emergency in Myanmar,” School of Sociology, Politics, and International Studies, University of Bristol Working Paper No. 01–08, pp.20–2.
www.bristol.ac.uk/spais/research/workingpapers/wpspaisfiles/duffield0108.pdf
.

54.
   Benjamin E. Goldsmith and Baogang He, “Letting Go without a Fight: Decolonization, Democracy and War: 1900–94,”
Journal of Peace Research
45:5 (2008), 587–611.

55.
   Maung Maung,
Burma’s Constutition
, 2
^nd
ed. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1961), p.85. The introduction to
Burma’s Fight for Freedom
, the official record of the independence process, included these sentences: “The title of this publication is perhaps a little misleading. Freedom has been won without a fight, a fact which testifies to Britain’s wisdom and Burma’s unity.” Cited in Hugh Tinker,
The Union of Burma: A Study of the First Years of Independence
, 4
^th
ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), p.33, n.2.

56.
   Donald M. Seekins,
Burma and Japan since 1940: From “Co-Prosperity” to “Quiet Dialogue”
(Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2007).

57.
   Miller,
Globalizing Justice
, pp.118–46. Also see Chalmers Johnson,
Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire
(New York, NY: Metropolitan Books, 2002).

58.
   Anthony Ware and Matthew Clarke, “The MDGs in Myanmar: Relevant or Redundant?,”
Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy
16 (2011), forthcoming.

59.
   Richard Lloyd Parry, “Aung San Suu Kyi meets ambassador for sanctions talks,”
Times
, October 10, 2009.

60.
   For an account of just two episodes among many, see Donald K. Emmerson, “Critical Terms: Security, Democracy, and Regionalism in Southeast Asia,” in Donald K. Emmerson (ed.),
Hard Choices: Security, Democracy, and Regionalism in Southeast Asia
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009), 3–56, pp.26–34, 40–50.

61.
   Janna Thompson,
Taking Responsibility for the Past: Reparation and Historical Injustice
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002).

62.
   Miller,
National Responsibility and Global Justice
, p.161.

63.
   O’Neill,
Bounds of Justice
, p.4.

64.
   Shue, “Mediating Duties,” p.687.

65.
   Simon Caney,
Justice beyond Borders: A Global Political Theory
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp.232–3.

66.
   Richard A. Falk, Robert C. Johansen and Samuel S. Kim, “Global Constitutionalism and World Order,” in Richard A. Falk, Robert C. Johansen and Samuel S. Kim, eds,
The Constitutional Foundations of World Peace
(Albany, NY: State University of New York Press), 3–12, pp.3–4.

67.
   Daniele Archibugi,
The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008). Richard Falk,
On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics
(University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995). David Held,
Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995). Andrew Kuper,
Democracy beyond Borders: Justice and Representation in Global Institutions
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). Anne-Marie Slaughter,
A New World Order
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005). Iris Marion Young,
Inclusion and Democracy
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

68.
   O’Neill,
Bounds of Justice
, p.200.

69.
   Onora O’Neill, “Global Justice: Whose Obligations?,” in Deen K. Chatterjee, ed.,
The Ethics of Assistance: Morality and the Distant Needy
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 242–59, p.252.

70.
   Caney,
Justice beyond Borders
, p.182.

71.
   Caney,
Justice beyond Borders
, p.264.

72.
   Walzer,
Thinking Politically
, p.237.

73.
   Walzer,
Thinking Politically
, p.238.

74.
   Walzer,
Thinking Politically
, p.257.

75.
   Walzer,
Thinking Politically
, p.238.

76.
   Walzer,
Thinking Politically
, p.251.

77.
   Miller,
National Responsibility and Global Justice
, p.197.

78.
   Miller,
National Responsibility and Global Justice
, pp.167–8.

79.
   Miller,
National Responsibility and Global Justice
, p.133.

80.
   Leif Wenar, “Why Rawls Is Not a Cosmopolitan Egalitarian,” in Rex Martin and David A. Reidy (eds),
Rawls’s Law of Peoples: A Realistic Utopia?
(Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), 95–113.

81.
   Rawls,
The Law of Peoples
, p.37.

82.
   Rawls,
The Law of Peoples
, pp.62–70, 90.

83.
   Rawls,
The Law of Peoples
, pp.37, 93.

84.
   Rawls,
The Law of Peoples
, pp.106–12.

85.
   Rawls,
The Law of Peoples
, p.111.

86.
   Daniel A. Bell,
Beyond Liberal Democracy: Political Thinking for an East Asian Context
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp.23–51. Torkel Brekke (ed.),
The Ethics of War in Asian Civilizations: A Comparative Perspective
(Abingdon, Routledge, 2006).

87.
   Bell,
Beyond Liberal Democracy
, pp.52–83.

88.
   Joanne R. Bauer and Daniel A. Bell, “Introduction,” in Joanne R. Bauer and Daniel A. Bell, eds,
The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 3–23, p.4.

89.
   Amitav Acharya,
Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order
(London: Routledge, 2001). William T. Tow,
Asia-Pacific Strategic Relations: Seeking Convergent Security
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Jürgen Haacke,
ASEAN’s Diplomatic and Security Culture: Origins, Development and Prospects
(London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Donald E. Weatherbee,
International Relations in Southeast Asia: The Struggle for Autonomy
, 2
^nd
ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009).

90.
   Amitav Acharya,
Whose Ideas Matter? Agency and Power in Asian Regionalism
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), pp.137–8. Lee Jones, “ASEAN’s Unchanged Melody? The Theory and Practice of ‘Non-interference’ in Southeast Asia,”
Pacific Review
23 (2010), 479–502.

91.
   The closest state prepared to impose economic sanctions on Myanmar is Australia.

92.
   John F. Cady,
A History of Modern Burma
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958), p.154. Burman is used here in the standard colonial sense to embrace all ethnic groups.

93.
   John F. Cady,
The United States and Burma
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), p.16.

94.
   Lieutenant General Phone Myint, cited in David I. Steinberg, “Democracy, Power, and the Economy in Myanmar: Donor Dilemmas,”
Asian Survey
31:8 (1991), 729–42, p.735.

95.
   Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies,
Listening to Voices from Inside: Ethnic People Speak
(Phnom Penh: Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, 2010), p.195.