Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar (62 page)

34.
   Robert L. Phillips and Duane L. Cady,
Humanitarian Intervention: Just War vs Pacifism
(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996). Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse,
Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict: A Reconceptualization
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996). Stephen A. Garrett,
Doing Good and Doing Well: An Examination of Humanitarian Intervention
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999). Nicholas J. Wheeler,
Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Simon Chesterman,
Just War or Just Peace? Humanitarian Intervention and International Law
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty,
The Responsibility to Protect
(Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001). Brian D. Lepard,
Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention: A Fresh Legal Approach Based on Fundamental Ethical Principles in International Law and World Religions
(University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002).

35.
   Jean Bethke Elshtain,
Just War against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World
(New York, NY: Basic Books, 2003). Michael Walzer, “Terrorism and Just War,”
Philosophia
34 (2006), 3–12. Steven P. Lee, ed.,
Intervention, Terrorism, and Torture
(Dordrecht: Springer, 2007).

36.
   Walzer,
Just and Unjust Wars
.

37.
   Today theorists point to a third set of concerns with
jus post bellum
, focused on the notion of a just peace. Brian Orend, “Justice after War,”
Ethics and International Affairs
16:1 (2002), 43–56. Brian Orend, “Jus
Post Bellum:
The Perspective of a Just-War Theorist,”
Leiden Journal of International Law
20:3 (2007), 571–91.

38.
   Jeff McMahan, “War and Peace,” in Peter Singer, ed.,
A Companion to Ethics
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), 384–95, p.388.

39.
   Richard Norman,
Ethics, Killing and War
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p.119.

40.
   Brien Hallett,
The Lost Art of Declaring War
(Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1998).

41.
   Compare International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty,
The Responsibility to Protect
, which implicitly made this exclusion by drawing on only six just war principles.

42.
   Norman,
Ethics, Killing and War
.

43.
   A. J. Coates,
The Ethics of War
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), p.147.

44.
   Duane L. Cady, “Just War,” in Donald A. Wells, ed.,
An Encyclopedia of War and Ethics
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996), 255–9.

45.
   For a full analysis, see Judith N. Shklar,
The Faces of Injustice
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990).

46.
   Martha Finnemore,
The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).

47.
   Michael Walzer,
Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations
, 2
^nd
ed. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1992), p.xviii.

48.
   It cannot be assumed that humanitarian intentions are uniformly right, and all others uniformly suspect. Alain Finkielkraut,
In the Name of Humanity: Reflections on the Twentieth Century
(New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2000). Tony Vaux,
The Selfish Altruist: Relief Work in Famine and War
(Sterling, VA: Eartscan, 2001).

49.
   United Nations Department of Public Information,
The United Nations and Somalia, 1992–1996
(New York, NY: United Nations, 1996).

50.
   David Rohde,
Endgame: The Betrayal and Fall of Srebrenica, Europe’s Worst Massacre since World War II
(Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998). Netherlands Institute for War Documentation,
Srebrenica: A “Safe” Area: Reconstruction, Background, Consequences and Analyses of the Fall of a Safe Area
(Amsterdam: Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, 2002).

51.
   Hufbauer, et al.,
Economic Sanctions Reconsidered
.

52.
   John S. Dryzek,
Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p.1.

53.
   Dryzek,
Deliberative Democracy and Beyond
, p.1.

54.
   Ian O’Flynn,
Deliberative Democracy and Divided Societies
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006).

55.
   James S. Fishkin,
When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

56.
   Ethan J. Leib and Baogang He (eds),
The Search for Deliberative Democracy in China
(New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). Baogang He, “A Deliberative Approach to the Tibet Autonomy Issue: Promoting Mutual Trust through Dialogue,”
Asian Survey
50:4 (2010), 709–34.

57.
   John S. Dryzek,
Deliberative Global Politics: Discourse and Democracy in a Divided World
(Cambridge: Polity, 2006).

58.
   UN Security Council, “Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution on Myanmar, Owing to Negative Votes by China, Russian Federation,” SC/8939 (2007).

59.
   The Group comprises 14 countries. At its first meeting, representatives came from Australia, China, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, the UK, the US, and Vietnam. The EU’s rotating presidency subsequently generated marginal membership changes. On the idea of a coordinated approach embracing ASEAN, China, India, Japan and the US, see Michael Green and Derek Mitchell, “Asia’s Forgotten Crisis,”
Foreign Affairs
86:6 (2007), 147–58.

60.
   Richard Falk,
Predatory Globalization: A Critique
(Cambridge: Polity, 1999). For a skeptical view, see Neera Chandhoke, “The Limits of Global Civil Society,” in Marlies Glasius, Mary Kaldor and Helmut Anheier, eds,
Global Civil Society 2002
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 35–53.

61.
   Ian Holliday, “Doing Business with Rights Violating Regimes: Corporate Social Responsibility and Myanmar’s Military Junta,”
Journal of Business Ethics
61:4 (2005), 329–42.

62.
   William Sabandar, “Cyclone Nargis and ASEAN: A Window for More Meaningful Development Cooperation in Myanmar,” in Nick Cheesman, Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds),
Ruling Myanmar: From Cyclone Nargis to National Elections
(Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2010), 197–207.

63.
   Christina Fink,
Living Silence in Burma: Surviving under Military Rule
, second edition (London: Zed Books, 2009). In non-sensitive sectors, social research is increasingly possible. Myanmar Marketing Research & Development employs more than 160 full-time staff, including 100 interviewers, in 13 offices around the country. Building on standard market research commissioned by companies for years, it is now starting to undertake corporate social responsibility projects with clear social dimensions.
www.mmrdrs.com
.

64.
   Myanmar Information Management Unit is an outstanding online hub, providing a shared data exchange service for humanitarian agencies through information coordination, collection, processing, analysis and dissemination.
www.themimu.info
.

65.
   The 2005 study commissioned by Václav Havel and Desmond Tutu is an example of this kind of dossier. DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary,
Threat to the Peace: A Call for the UN Security Council to Act in Burma
(Washington, DC: DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary, 2005).

66.
   Fareed Zakaria,
The Post-American World
(New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co., 2008).

Chapter 8

1.
     Michael Green and Derek Mitchell, “Asia’s Forgotten Crisis,”
Foreign Affairs
86:6 (2007), 147–58.

2.
     US Department of State, “PRC/Burma: A/S Campbell’s meeting with Asian Affairs DG Yang Yanyi,” October 14, 2009. WikiLeaks US Embassy Cables, ref. 09BEIJING2868. Lauren Dunn, Peter Nyers and Richard Stubbs, “Western Interventionism versus East Asian Non-interference: Competing ‘Global’ Norms in the Asian Century,”
Pacific Review
23:3 (2010), 295–312.

3.
     Just one example among many is an Ottawa Declaration issued by a number of eminent exiles in August 2007. Lalit K. Jha, “Ottawa Declaration: Convene multiparty talks on Burma,”
Irrawaddy
, August 31, 2007.

4.
     DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary,
Threat to the Peace: A Call for the UN Security Council to Act in Burma
(Washington, DC: DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary, 2005).

5.
     Amartya Sen, “New pressure can oust Burma’s generals,”
Financial Times
, November 21, 2010.

6.
     Arne Tostensen and Beate Bull, “Are Smart Sanctions Feasible?,”
World Politics
54:3 (2002), 373–403. Derek Tonkin, “Into the unknown,”
Burmese Perspectives
, November 4, 2010, p.2.
www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF5/bp041110x.pdf
.

7.
     Guy Horton,
Dying Alive: An Investigation and Legal Assessment of Human Rights Violations Inflicted in Burma, with Particular Reference to the Internally Displaced, Eastern Peoples
(Chiang Mai: Images Asia, 2005). International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School,
Crimes in Burma
(Cambridge, MA: International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School, 2009). Physicians for Human Rights,
Life under the Junta: Evidence of Crimes against Humanity in Burma’s Chin State
(Cambridge, MA: Physicians for Human Rights, 2011).

8.
     Burma Campaign UK, “Burma Briefing: Support for a UN Commission of Inquiry,” January 2011.
http://burmacampaign.org.uk/images/uploads/7-support-for-un-commission-of-inquiry.pdf
.

9.
     Roman David and Ian Holliday, “International Sanctions or International Justice? Shaping Political Development in Myanmar,”
Australian Journal of International Affairs
(2011), forthcoming.

10.
   United Nations Security Council, Resolution 827, S/RES/827, May 25, 1993. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 955, S/RES/955, November 8, 1994.

11.
   United Nations, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, A/CONF.183/9*.

12.
   United Nations General Assembly, Resolution 57/228, “Khmer Rouge trials,” A/RES/57/228, December 18, 2002.

13.
   Diane F. Orentlicher, “Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime,”
Yale Law Journal
100:8 (1990–91), 2537–615. Naomi Roht-Arriaza, “Combating Impunity: Some Thoughts on the Way Forward,”
Law and Contemporary Problems
59:4 (Autumn 1996), 93–102. Payam Akhavan, “Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities?,”
American Journal of International Law
95 (2001), 7–31. Dominic Raab, “Evaluating the ICTY and Its Completion Strategy: Efforts to Achieve Accountability for War Crimes and Their Tribunals,”
Journal of International Criminal Justice
3:1 (2005), 82–102. Judith Armatta,
Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosevic
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010).