Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar (58 page)

73.
   Some outside agencies support local NGOs. Others such as HOPE International Development Agency have their own Myanmar offices. Still others such as the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies in Phnom Penh operate across borders to promote conflict resolution inside Myanmar.

74.
   David Allan, “Positive Engagement in Myanmar: Some Current Examples and Thoughts for the Future,” in Nick Cheesman, Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds),
Ruling Myanmar: From Cyclone Nargis to National Elections
(Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2010), 236–66. Also see Trevor Wilson, “The Use of Normative Processes in Achieving Behaviour Change in Myanmar,” in Nick Cheesman, Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds),
Ruling Myanmar: From Cyclone Nargis to National Elections
(Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2010), 294–318.

75.
   Asia Society,
Current Realities and Future Possibilities in Burma/Myanmar: Perspectives from Asia
(No place: Asia Society, 2010).

76.
   DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary,
Threat to the Peace: A Call for the UN Security Council to Act in Burma
(Washington, DC: DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary, 2005).

77.
   International Crisis Group,
Myanmar’s Post-election Landscape
(Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2011), p.3.

78.
   Asia Society Task Force Report,
Current Realities and Future Possibilities in Burma/Myanmar
.

79.
   International Crisis Group,
China’s Myanmar Dilemma
.

80.
   Renaud Egreteau, “India’s Ambitions in Burma: More Frustration than Success?,”
Asian Survey
48:6 (2008), 936–57.

81.
   Stephen McCarthy, “Burma and ASEAN: Estranged Bedfellows,”
Asian Survey
48:6 (2008), 911–35.

82.
   Kyaw Yin Hlaing, “ASEAN’s Pariah: Insecurity and Autocracy in Myanmar (Burma), in Donald K. Emmerson (ed.),
Hard Choices: Security, Democracy, and Regionalism in Southeast Asia
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009), 151–89.

83.
   Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies,
Listening to Voices from Inside: Myanmar Civil Society’s Response to Cyclone Nargis
(Phnom Penh: Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, 2009).

84.
   On the broad, critical issue of China’s behavior as both a target and a sender of economic sanctions, see Tong Zhao, “Sanction Experience and Sanction Behavior: An Analysis of Chinese Perception and Behavior on Economic Sanctions,”
Contemporary Politics
16:3 (2010), 263–78.

85.
   In December 2009, a US diplomat reported the opinion of a UK counterpart: “the very robust domestic UK lobby on Burma hamstrings much of what the Foreign Office can do because it presses UK politicians very forcefully to maintain a strong, hard-edged line on Burma.” US Department of State, “Burma: UK offers insight into EU position, thoughts on USG policy review,” December 10, 2009. WikiLeaks US Embassy Cables, ref. 09LONDON2761.

86.
   Pedersen,
Promoting Human Rights in Burma.
On its website the State Department provides a full, though sometimes outdated, policy overview. US Department of State,
Background Note: Burma.
www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35910.htm
.

87.
   John F. Cady,
The United States and Burma
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), pp.17–18.

88.
   Matheo Falco,
Burma: Time for Change: Report of an Independent Task Force Sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations
(Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations, 2003), pp.23–4.

89.
   Asia Society Task Force Report,
Current Realities and Future Possibilities in Burma/Myanmar
, pp.61–2.

90.
   William J. Clinton,
Executive Order 13047 – Prohibiting New Investment in Burma.
May 20, 1997.
Federal Register
, 62:99, May 22, 1997.

91.
   
Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003
, US Public Law 108–61, July 28, 2003. George W. Bush,
Executive Order 13310 – Blocking Property of the Government of Burma and Prohibiting Certain Transactions.
July 28, 2003.
Federal Register
, 68:146, July, 30, 2003.

92.
   George W. Bush,
Executive Order 13448 – Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Burma.
October 18, 2007.
Federal Register
, 72:204, October 23, 2007. George W. Bush,
Executive Order 13464 – Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Burma.
April 30, 2008.
Federal Register
, 73:86, May 2, 2008.

93.
   
Tom Lantos Block Burmese Jade (Junta’s Anti-Democratic Efforts) Act of 2008.
US Public Law 110–286, July 29, 2008.

94.
   Asia Society Task Force Report,
Current Realities and Future Possibilities in Burma/Myanmar.
Clapp, “Burma’s Political Transition.”

95.
   In 2007, Mitchell co-authored an article casting Myanmar as “Asia’s forgotten crisis.” Michael Green and Derek Mitchell, “Asia’s Forgotten Crisis,”
Foreign Affairs
86:6 (2007), 147–58.

96.
   Roman David and Ian Holliday, “International Sanctions or International Justice? Shaping Political Development in Myanmar,”
Australian Journal of International Affairs
(2011), forthcoming.

97.
   Human Rights Watch, “US: Act Now on Burma Commission of Inquiry,” October 29, 2010.
www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/10/29/us-act-now-burma-commission-inquiry
.

98.
   Burma Campaign UK, “Burma Briefing: Support for a UN Commission of Inquiry,” January 2011.
http://burmacampaign.org.uk/images/uploads/7-support-for-un-commission-of-inquiry.pdf
.

99.
   International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School,
Crimes in Burma
(Cambridge, MA: International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School, 2009).

100.
 These were Yokota’s words: “During my period as UN special rapporteur on human rights in Myanmar, I received incontrovertible evidence that forced labor, the forcible conscription of child soldiers, torture and rape as a weapon of war are widespread and systematic in Myanmar.” Yozo Yokota, “Challenge impunity in Myanmar,”
Jakarta Post
, July 7, 2010.

101.
 Amnesty International, “No international compromise on human rights in Myanmar,” March 12, 2011.
www.amnesty.org.au/news/comments/25066
.

102.
 Government of Canada,
Special Economic Measures (Burma) Regulations
, SOR/2007–285, December 13, 2007.

103.
 EUR-Lex 96/635/CFSP,
Common Position on Burma/Myanmar
, October 28, 1996.

104.
 European Union, “Council Decision 2011/239/CFSP.”

105.
 Asia Society,
Current Realities and Future Possibilities in Burma/Myanmar: Perspectives from Asia
(No place: Asia Society, 2010), pp.9–23.

106.
 International Crisis Group,
Myanmar’s Post-election Landscape
(Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2011), p.10.

107.
 Mark Duffield, “On the Edge of ‘No Man’s Land’: Chronic Emergency in Myanmar,” School of Sociology, Politics, and International Studies, University of Bristol Working Paper No. 01–08, p.17.
www.bristol.ac.uk/spais/research/workingpapers/wpspais-files/duffield0108.pdf
.

108.
 International Labour Organization,
Forced Labour in Myanmar (Burma)
(Geneva: International Labour Organization, 1998).

109.
 Asia Society Task Force Report,
Current Realities and Future Possibilities in Burma/Myanmar
, p.32.

110.
 Susan Banki, “Contested Regimes, Aid Flows, and Refugee Flows: The Case of Burma,”
Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs
28:2 (2009), 47–73, pp.52–5.

111.
 International Crisis Group,
Burma/Myanmar after Nargis: Time to Normalize Aid Relations
(Yangon/Brussels, International Crisis Group, 2008), p.15, n.68.

112.
 OECD,
Development Aid at a Glance 2011: Statistics by Region.
www.oecd.org/dac/stats/regioncharts
.

113.
 Seekins, “Burma-China Relations,” p.531.

114.
 Simon Roughneen, “Burma sanctions debate intensifies,”
Irrawaddy
, March 9, 2011.

115.
 Stephen McCarthy, “Ten Years of Chaos in Burma: Foreign Investment and Economic Liberalization under the SLORC-SPDC, 1988 to 1998,”
Pacific Affairs
73:2 (2000), 233–62.

116.
 John R. Schermerhorn, “Foreign Investment in Burma: Contrasting Perspectives,”
Asian Case Research Journal
2 (1998), 117–32, pp.121–2.

117.
 H. C. Matthew Sim,
Myanmar on My Mind: A Guide to Living and Doing Business in Myanmar
(Singapore: Times Books International, 2001).

118.
 The Global Unions website archives letters sent to each company believed to have business links with Myanmar, together with any replies received. Occasionally companies respond by making a principled case for corporate engagement.
www.global-unions.org/burma
.

119.
 Ian Holliday, “Doing Business with Rights Violating Regimes: Corporate Social Responsibility and Myanmar’s Military Junta,”
Journal of Business Ethics
61:4 (2005), 329–42.

120.
 National League for Democracy, “Economic analysis and vision of the NLD,” January 4, 2011. National League for Democracy, “Sanctions on Burma,” February 8, 2011.
www.nldburma.org/media-press-release
.

121.
 
Bangkok Post
, “Aung San Suu Kyi calls for trade boycott,” June 4, 1989.

122.
 Aung San Suu Kyi, “Please Use Your Liberty to Promote Ours,”
International Herald Tribune
, February 4, 1997.

123.
 After the NLD released its review of sanctions on February 8, 2011,
The New Light of Myanmar
published seven hostile critiques in seven days. Derek Tonkin, “Lost in translation,”
Burmese Perspectives
, February 23, 2011, p.1.
www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF6/bp230211.pdf
.

124.
 Marc Bossuyt, “The adverse consequences of economic sanctions on the enjoyment of human rights,” working paper prepared for UN Commission on Human Rights, June 21, 2000. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/33. Paras 41–7.

125.
 Derek Tonkin, “The annual follies on Burma/Myanmar,”
Burmese Perspectives
, March 14, 2011, p.3.
www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF6/bp140311.pdf
.

126.
 Nick Mathiason, “Banks Bust Burma Trade Ban,”
Observer
, January 18, 2004.

127.
 Alan Boyd, “Myanmar Boycott on Shaky Ground,”
Asia Times
, December 13, 2003.