Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950 (83 page)

24.
Yiacoel, 119–120.

25.
D. Carpi, ed.,
Italian Diplomatic Documents
, 136–137;
Apoyevmatini
, 8 March 1943.

26.
S. Levy, “I apagogi ton katoikon tou Rezi,”
Israilitikon Vima
, 4 July 1947;
Apoyevmatini
, 16 March 1943; Carpi, ed.,
Italian Diplomatic Documents
, 152.

27.
Molho,
In Memoriam
, 99–100.

28.
D. Carpi, ed.,
Italian Diplomatic Documents
, 145; “Excerpts from the Salonika diary of Lucillo Merci (Feb.–Aug. 1943),”
Yad Vashem Studies
, XVIII (1987), 303–304.

29.
A. Kitroeff, “The Jews in Greece, 1941–1944: Eye-witness accounts,”
Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora
, xii:3 (Fall 1985); A. Apostolou, “ ‘The exception of Salonika’: Bystanders and collaborators in northern Greece,”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
, 14:2 (Fall 2000), 165–196, 180.

30.
Kounio, 39; E. Kounio-Amariglio and A. Nar, eds.,
Proforikes martyries evraion tis Thessalonikis yia to Olokavtoma
(1998), 367, 399;
Praktika dikis Hasson, Albala ktl.
, 42.

31.
D. Carpi, ed.,
Italian Diplomatic Documents
, 178–179;
Praktika dikis Hasson, Albala ktl.
, 36.

32.
“Letters from Salonika, 1943,”
The Jewish Museum of Greece: Newsletter
, 33 (Autumn 1992), 4–8.

33.
I. Matarasso, “And yet not all of them died …” in S. Bowman, ed.,
The Holocaust in Salonika
, 192; E. Kounio-Amariglio and A. Nar, eds.,
Proforikes martyries
, 23.

34.
Praktika dikis Hasson, Albala ktl.
, 37–39, 65; Molho,
In Memoriam
, 101–102.

35.
Kounio,
From Thessaloniki
, 43.

36.
Praktika dikis Hasson, Albala ktl.
, 57; “Letters from Salonika, 1943,”
The Jewish Museum of Greece
, 5–6; Ambatzopoulou,
Holokavtoma
, 158–159; E. Kounio-Amariglio and A. Nar, eds.,
Proforikes martyries
, 387.

37.
Ambatzopoulou,
Holokavtoma
, 142–143.

38.
B. Spengler-Axiopoulou, “Allilengyi kai voitheia,” in R. Benveniste, ed.,
Oi Evraioi tis Elladas stin katochi
(1998), 20; J. Weber,
Prosopa
, 10;
Praktika dikis Hasson, Albala ktl.
, 109.

39.
Yiacoel, 108–109.

40.
E. Kounio-Amariglio and A. Nar, eds.,
Proforikes martyries
, 94.

41.
Ibid., 45.

42.
Drosakis,
En Thessaloniki
, 90; G. Andreades,
Kalamaria mou axechasti
(1994), 71–72.

43.
Apostolou, “ ‘The Exception of Salonika,’ ” 175; Molho,
In Memoriam
, 127–131.

44.
Gounaris and Papapolyviou, eds.,
Foros tou Aimatos
, 101.

45.
D. Czech,
Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1939–1945
(Rowohlt, 1989), 445–480.

23 / 
Aftermath

1.
N. Hammond,
Venture into Greece: With the Guerrillas, 1943–1944
(London, 1983), 64–65.

2.
To Fos
, 21–26 April 1945; Douros report to Simonides, 13 June 1943, YDIP files; Kounio,
From Thessaloniki
, 159–160.

3.
Douros-Simonides, 13 June 1943, YDIP files.

4.
YDIP files, Dimitrios V.-YDIP, 9 April 1943 (Some names have been changed).

5.
Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen (Ludwigsburg): AR-Z 139/59 (Merten proceedings), B13–420, pp. 241–248 (Douros testimony).

6.
YDIP files.

7.
ASKI K411, 23/4/23; ELIA, Archeio Voulgarikis Katochis kai Propagandas sti Makedonia, 14/313; Matarasso, 164–165; Special War Crimes Court Martial (Athens),
Praktika
, 11 Feb–5 March 1959, testimony of Chrysochoou, pp. 65–66, 99–100.

8.
NA RG 59/868.00/1324, Berry (Istanbul)-State, 6 Dec. 1943, enclosing “Memorandum of Dim. Andreades, Nomarch of Drama, Concerning the Situation in Macedonia,” 18 Oct. 1943; Matarasso, 223.

9.
ASKI 23/4/121.

10.
Matarasso, 178–192;
To Fos
, 16 March 1945; Israel Jacobson (AJDC), Salonica, August 1945; Omiron Israeliton Polonias—AJDC, 17 Nov. 1945, AJDC archives, gives a figure of 1,157.

11.
“Despoues de la catastrofa en Salonique,” I. J. Levy, ed. and translator,
And the World Stood Silent: Sephardic Poetry of the Holocaust
(Urbana, Ill., 1989), 162–163.

12.
Israel Jacobson (AJDC), Salonica, August 1945 (AJDC archives).

13.
B. Mazur-Louis Sobel (JDC), 20 March 1945 (AJDC archives).

14.
I. O. Jacobson-Phillip Bernstein, 12 Nov. 1945 (AJDC archives); Wiener Library, HA 15-1/2/7/C, “Greece,” April 1946 (Henriques Collection); “Greece,” 20 Dec. 1945, AJDC files.

15.
Israilitikon Vima
, 3 Oct. 1947.

16.
Jewish Community of Salonica-AJDC (New York), 24 July 1946 (AJDC: file 455, AR 45/64), ibid., “Country director’s report on Greece,” 5 Sept. 1950.

17.
Israilitikon Vima
, 22 Feb. 1946; ibid., 15 March 1946; ibid., 22 March 1946, 10 Oct. 1946.

18.
UNRRA archives (New York), PAG-4/3.0.12.0.1:4.

19.
Fos
, 19–20 May 1946.

20.
Evraiki Estia
, 28 Jan. 1949.

21.
Israilitikon Vima
, 1 Feb. 1946, 24 May 1946.

22.
Fos
, 28 February 1945;
Israilitikon Vima
, 18–19 July 1947; 3 Oct. 1947; “Zaploutos!,”
Israilitikon Vima
, 29 Nov. 1946.

23.
Israilitikon Vima
, 7 Feb. 1947, 9 May 1947; ibid., 28 Jan. 1949.

24.
J. Jacobson—AJDC (New York), June 25, 1949 (AJDC 467, AR 44/64).

25.
Evraiki Epitheorisis
, 6 Feb. 1953.

26.
Serefas,
Ptomata
, 80–87.

27.
N. Kokallidou-Nahmias in
I Thessaloniki sti dekaetia tou ’60
(1994), 35.

28.
C. Packer,
Return to Salonika
(London, 1964), 3; E. Eden and N. Stavroulakis,
Salonika: A Family Cookbook
(Athens, 1997), 34–35.

29.
J. Stroumsa,
Geiger in Auschwitz
, 74.

Conclusion / The Memory of the Dead

1.
Qur’an, Sura 79: 10–14.

2.
M. Molho,
Usos y costumbres de los Sefardies de Salonica
(Madrid, 1959), ch. 6; N. Vatin and S. Yerasimos, “Documents sur les cimetières Ottomans, II,”
Turcica
, 26 (1994), 169–187.

3.
E. Kakoulidou, “Ta ellinika orthodoxa nekrotafeia tis Thessalonikis to 190 aiona,”
Makedonika
, 22 (1982), 391–420.

4.
N. G. Pentzikis (translated L. Marshall),
Mother Thessaloniki
(Athens, 1998), 113.

5.
I. J. Levy and R. L. Zumwalt, “Madame Sara: a spirit medium between two worlds,” in Y. Stillman and N. Stillman, eds.,
From Iberia to Diaspora: Studies in Sephardic History and Culture
(Brill, Leiden, 1999), 331–345.

6.
E. Kakoulidou, “Ta ellinika orthodoxa nekrotafeia tis Thessalonikis to 19° aiona,”
Makedonika
, 22 (1982), 391–420; V. Dimitriades,
Topografia tis Thessalonikis kata tin epochi tis Tourkokratias, 1430–1912
(1983), 449–452.

7.
Pentzikis (translated by L. Marshall),
Mother Thessaloniki
, 23.

8.
A. Adamantiou,
I Vyzantini Thessaloniki
(Athens, 1914), I; G. Ioannou,
I protevousa ton prosfygon
(1985), 105.

9.
M. Hadzi Ioannou,
Astygrafia Thessalonikis
(1880), β.

10.
Etaireia Makedonikon Spoudon,
Eortastikos Tomos: 50 Chronia, 1939–1989
(1992), 27.

11.
Ioannou,
Protevousa ton prosfygon
, 46.

12.
A. Kyriakidou-Nestoros, “I Thessaloniki tis psychis mou,” in
Logotechnia tis Thessalonikis
(1989), 278–281.

13.
C. Stewart, “Immanent or eminent domain? The contest over Thessaloniki’s Rotonda,” in R. Layton et al., eds.,
Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property
(London, 2001), 182–198; V. Dimitriades,
Topografia tis Thessalonikis kata tin epochi tis Tourkokratias
(1983), 299–300; C. Hadzantoniou-Delivoyiatsi, “O minares tis Rotontas,”
Makedonika
, (1995), 59–74.

14.
Stewart, “Immanent or eminent domain?” 190; G. Agelopoulos, “Political practices and multiculturalism: the case of Salonica,” in J. Cowan, ed.,
Macedonia: The Politics of Identity and Difference
(London, 2000).

15.
G. Angelopoulou, “Politikes praktikes kai polipolitismikotita,”
O Politis
, 35–43.

16.
B. Lefkowicz, “The Jewish community of Thessaloniki: An exploration of memory and identity in a Mediterranean city,” Ph.D., University of London, 1999, 18–19.

17.
J. Hacker, “The Sephardim in the Ottoman empire,” in H. Beinart, ed.,
The Sephardi Legacy
, ii (Jerusalem, 1992), 111; G. Tsaras, ed.,
I teleftaia alosi tis Thessalonikis
(
1430
) (1985), 119–120.

Glossary

agha - janissary commander

ayan - provincial landed notables

ayios/ayia - saint

bazaar - open market

bedesten/bezesten - covered market for valuables

beratli - beneficiaries of the capitulation agreements (thus, clients of a European state)

bey - high military title

boza - drink made of fermented barley and millet

caique - long, fast boat

caravanseray - a hostelry for travellers

cavass - bodyguard

cortijo - courtyard

defterdar - treasurer

dervish - member of Muslim mystical order

devshirme - child slave levy

djami - large mosque

Dönme - see Ma’min

dragoman - interpreter

Effendi - title of respect

fetva - advisory opinion issued by mufti

firman - imperial decree

gavur - infidel (used of Christians) (also giaour)

ghazi - warrior fighting for Islam

halvades - sellers of halva

hamal - porter, carrier

hamam - bath-house

haremlik - women’s/family quarters

Hatt-i-Humayun - imperial decree/rescript

herem - a decree of excommunication

hodja - teacher

imam - Muslim prayer-leader

imaret - a complex of public buildings associated with a mosque

intari - gabardine overcoat worn by Jewish men