Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950 (81 page)

17 / 
The Muslim Exodus

1.
N. Clayer, “Trois centres Mevlevis Balkaniques au travers des documents d’archives Ottomans: Les
Mevlevihane
d’Elbasan, de Serez et de Salonique,”
Osmanli Arastirinalari
[
Journal of Ottoman Studies
], xiv (1994), 11–28.

2.
N. Moschopoulos, “I Ellas kata ton Evlia Tselebi,”
EEBS
, 16 (1940), 346–347.

3.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars
(Washington, DC, 1914), 106, 148–151; A. J. Toynbee,
The Western Question in Greece and Turkey
(London, 1922), 138–141; FO 371/1997, Morgan-Mallet, 20 July 1914.

4.
A. Zannas,
O Makedonikos Agonas: Anamniseis
, 80–81, 84.

5.
FO 195/2453, Lamb-Lowther, 14 May 1913, 29 April 1913.

6.
IAM/GDM (
Istorika Archeia Makedonias: Geniki Dioikisis Makedonias
) 76, “Oi logoi tis metanastevseos”.

7.
IAM/GDM 776, Astynomiki diefthynsis Thessaloniki—GDM, 9 April 1914; FO 371/1997, Morgan-Mallet, 20 July 1914; Bompard-Doumergue, 26 April 1914, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères,
Documents Diplomatiques: Affaires Balkaniques
, I: 1912 (Paris, n.d.), 125.

8.
Le Jeune Turc
, 11 March 1914; FO 371/1997, Morgan-Mallet, 20 July 1914.

9.
FO 371/1997, Mallet-Grey, 22 June 1914.

10.
FO 371/1996, Morgan-Mallet, 21 March 1914; G. Mavrogordatos,
Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936
(California, 1983), 237.

11.
R. Tesal,
Selanik’ten Istanbul’a
(Istanbul, 1998): my thanks to Alexandre Toumarkine for giving me a copy of this book, and to Sukru Ilicak for translating passages for me.

12.
P. S. Delta,
Eleftherios Venizelos: Imerologio-Anamniseis-Martyries-Allilografia
, I (1988), 75–76.

13.
Tesal,
Selanik’ten Istanbul’a
, 47–49.

14.
P. S. Delta,
Eleftherios Venizelos
, 137.

15.
IAM/GDM 87/1, Anotera dioikisis chorofylakis Makedonias, “Egklimatikotitos minos Sept. 1922,” 20 Oct. 1922; 87/1, Astynomiki diefthynsis Thessalonikis, 22 Dec. 1922.

16.
S.P. Ladas,
The Exchange of Minorities
, 335–338.

17.
Bompard-Doumergue, 26 April 1914, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères,
Documents Diplomatiques: Affaires Balkaniques
, I: 1912 (Paris, n.d.), 126.

18.
Y. Mourelos, “The 1914 persecutions and the first attempt at an exchange of minorities between Greece and Turkey,”
Balkan Studies
, 26:2 (1985), 389–413; G. Anastasiades,
I Thessaloniki ton efimeridon
(1994), 234; S. P. Ladas,
The Exchange of Minorities
, 28–29.

19.
S. Marketos, “I ensomatosi tis Sefaradikis Thessalonikis stin Ellada: to plaisio,”
O ellinikos evraismos
(1999), 77; A. Aktar, “Homogenising the economy: Turkifying the economy,” in R. Hirschon, ed.,
Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey
(New York, 2003), 87.

20.
S. Loukatos,
Politeiografia tis Nomarchiakis Periferias tis Thessalonikis
, I (Athens, 1987) 37–38; Tomanas,
Dromoi
, 141.

21.
On western Macedonia, FO 286/874, Hasluck-Bentinck, 22 April 1923; Tesal,
Selanik’ten Istanbul’a
, 60–63; Anastasiades,
I Thessaloniki ton efimeridon
, 244.

22.
FO 286/902, Crew-Bentinck, 16 Jan. 1924; K. Tomanas,
Chroniko tis Thessalonikis, 1921–1944
(1996), 39–41; S.P. Ladas,
The Exchange of Populations
, 428–429.

23.
Tomanas,
Dromoi kai yeitones tis Thessalonikis
, 141.

24.
T. Köker and L. Keskiner, “Lessons in refugeehood: forced migrants in Turkey,” in Hirschon,
Crossing the Aegean
, 198; FO 286/874, “Council of Elders of Kirk-Kilissi,” 7 Dec. 1923; R. Darques,
Salonique au XXe siècle
(Paris, 2000), 271;
Makedonika Nea
, 25 May 1924; Anastasiades,
I Thessaloniki ton efimeridon
, 244; S. Pelagides, “Metra kai antimetra meta tin ellinotourkiki symvasi tis antallagis,”
Thessaloniki
, 3 (1992), 121–142; FO 286/898, Edmonds-Lindsay, 27 Feb. 1924.

25.
FO 286/902, Crew-Bentinck, 16 Jan. 1924.

26.
Ayioreitiki Fotothiki,
Thessalonikeis Fotografoi tou Ayiou Orous: O filellinas Othomanos fotografos Ali Sami
(1996);
Efimeris Valkanion
, 3 June 1925, “To temenos Hamza Bey”.

27.
IAM/GDM 69, President of the 1st Sub-Committee/Mixed Committee for the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations—Governor-General of Macedonia, 29 Dec. 1924.

28.
Makedonika Nea
, 3 Jan. 1925.

29.
Hekimoglou, “Oi teleftaioi mousoulmanoi fevgoun apo ti Thessaloniki,”
Thessaloniki: tourkokratia kai mesopolemos
, 377–386.

30.
S. Loukatos,
Politeiografia
, 36; R. Darques,
Salonique au XXe siècle: de la cité ottomane à la métropole grecque
(Paris, 2000), 187–193; A. Dimitriades, “
Phoinix agiros
”:
I Thessaloniki tou 1925–1935
(1994), 205, for an example of ghostly activity.

31.
Makedonika Nea
, 22 March 1924, “Minaredes”.

32.
Hastaoglou and K-G, “Thessaloniki, 1900–1940,” interview 8 Nov. 1925,
Thessaloniki meta to 1912
, 465.

33.
Cited in Dimitriades, 45.

34.
Ibid., 62–63.

35.
Ibid., 73–77.

18 / 
City of Refugees

1.
A. Galiropoulou, “I parousia ton Roson sti Thessaloniki kata ton Proto Pankosmio Polemo,” 141–153, and I. Hasiotis and G. Kasapian, “I armeniki paroikia tis Thessalonikis: Idrysi, organosi, ideologia kai koinoniki ensomatosi,” 257–284, in
Thessaloniki meta to 1912.

2.
H. A. Shaw, “Greek refugees from the Caucasus and the work of the American Red Cross at Salonique,”
Journal of International Relations
, 12 (1921–22), 44–49; S.P. Ladas,
The Exchange of Minorities: Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey
(New York, 1932), 16.

3.
Hemingway reproduced in K. Andrews,
Athens Alive
(Athens, 1979), 306.

4.
http://manila.djh.dk/Stella/stories/storyReader$19
.

5.
H. Morgenthau,
I was Sent to Athens
(New York, 1929), 101;
http://manila.djh.dk/Stella/stories/storyReader$19
.

6.
J. Ancel,
La Macédoine: Etude de colonisation contemporaine
(Paris, 1930).

7.
Ibid.; Ladas,
Exchange of Populations
, 660.

8.
R. Clogg, “A millet within a millet: the
Karamanlides
,” in D. Gondicas and C. Issawi, eds.,
Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism
(Princeton, 1999), 115–143.

9.
Anastasiades,
I Thessaloniki ton Efimeridon
, 238–239; G. Anastasiades and E. Hekimoglou,
I fotografia stin Thessaloniki tou mesopolemou
(1998), 27.

10.
Anastasiades,
I Thessaloniki ton Efimeridon
, 224–225.

11.
Tesal, 61; G. Mavrogordatos,
Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936
(U. California, 1983), 194–195.

12.
J. Ancel,
La Macédoine: Etude
, 291.

13.
A. Anastasiadis and P. Stathakopoulos, “I fysiognomia tis Pano Polis stin istoria, poleodomia kai architektoniki typologia,”
I Thessaloniki meta to 1912
(1986), 525–526.

14.
J. Playber,
La problème de l’habitation à Salonique et à la campagne
(n.d.), 14.

15.
A. Karadimou-Gerolympou, “Prosfygiki enkatastasi kai o anaschediasmos ton voreionelladikon poleon (1912–1940),” in n.a.,
O xerizmos kai i alli patrida: oi prosfygoupoleis stin Ellada
(1999), 89–109; V. Hastaoglou, “Metaschimatismos astikou chorou sti Thessaloniki,” in ibid., 331.

16.
Efimeris Valkanion
, 10 Nov. 1925.

17.
Alexandros Svolos files, author’s possession; also
Efimeris Valkanion
, 31 March 1925.

18.
Darques, passim.

19.
Cited in Dimitriades, 91, 104–105;
Phoni ton Ergaton
, 14 Nov. 1923.

20.
Ibid., 93–95.

21.
Dimitriades, 106; Hastaoglou, 326.

22.
Bunis,
Voices
, 317.

19 / 
Workers and the State

1.
W. Miller,
Travels and Politics in the Near East
(London, 1898), 364–365, 388.

2.
P. Pizanias,
Oi ftochoi ton poleon
(Athens, 1993), 79–84, 140.

3.
Dangas,
Symboli stin erevna yia tin oikonomiki kai koinoniki exelixi tis Thessalonikis
(1998), 306; M. Mazower,
Greece and the Interwar Economic Crisis
(Oxford, 1991), 136.

4.
See E. Hekimoglou, “Thessaloniki, 1912–1940: Economic Developments,” in I. Hassiotis, ed.,
Queen of the Worthy: Thessaloniki, History and Culture
(1997), 147–148

5.
K. Tomanas,
Chroniko
, 16–17.

6.
A. Dangas,
O hafies: to kratos kata tou kommounismou
(Athens, 1995), 154, 271.

7.
Cited by A. Dangas,
O hafies: to kratos kata tou kommounismou
, 270–271.

8.
Ibid., 51–52.

9.
IAM/GDM, file 87/1, Astynomiki diefthynsi Thessalonikis—Archigeion Chorofylakis, 22 Dec. 1922.

10.
Cited in Mazower, “I synkrotisi tou antikommounistikou kratous,” 83.

11.
“Osoi ginoun prothypourgoi,” by Vamvakaris, in G. Holst,
Road to Rembetika
(Athens, 1975), 104.

12.
FO 371/20389 R 3310/220/19, Lomax [Salonica]-Athens, 27 May 1936.

13.
J. O. Iatrides, ed.,
Ambassador MacVeagh Reports: Greece, 1933–1947
(Princeton, 1980), 86.

20 / 
Dressing for the Tango

1.
Efimeris Valkanion
, 23 Sept. 1925.

2.
A. Dimitriades, “
Foinix Agiros
”:
i Thessaloniki tou 1925–35
(1994), 119–121.