Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950 (77 page)

11.
Beaujour, 430–431; M. Rozen, “Contest and rivalry in Mediterranean maritime commerce in the first half of the eighteenth century: the Jews of Salonika and the European presence,”
Revue des Études Juives
, 147: 3–4 (July–Dec. 1988), 335–336.

12.
Mertzios, 338.

13.
G. Hekimoglou, “Ioannis Gouta Kaftantzoglou: to prosopo stin epochi tou,”
Grigoris o Palamas
, 758 (May–Aug. 1995), 417–418; E. Horowitz, “The early eighteenth century confronts the beard: Kabbalah and Jewish self-fashioning,”
Jewish History
, 8:1–2 (1994), 94–115; “Description de la ville de Salonique par le père Jean-Baptiste Souciet,”
Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses
, I (Lyon, 1819), 504.

14.
Mertzios, 340; M. Rozen, “Contest and rivalry,” 309–352; Y-J. Dumont, “To metroon vaptiseon tis Katholikis Ekklisias Thessalonikis,”
Makedonika
, 11 (1971), 42–43.

15.
Rozen, “Contest and rivalry,” 339–341.

16.
Beaujour, 285; Rozen, “Contest and rivalry,” 329.

17.
C.G. Pitcairn Jones,
Piracy in the Levant, 1827–28
(London, 1934), 138.

18.
Mertzios, 422–423; Nehama, 307.

19.
K. Mertzios, “Emporiki allilografia ek Thessalonikis (1742–1759),”
Makedonika
, 7 (1966–67), 94; Hekimoglou, “Ioannis Gouta Kaf tantzoglou,” 407–437.

20.
Mertzios, 370–371.

21.
“De l’establissement et des progrès de la mission de Thessalonique,”
Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses
, II (Memoires du Levant) (Lyon, 1819), 24–25; P. Kitromilides, “War and political consciousness: theoretical implications of eighteenth-century Greek historiography,” in his
Enlightenment, Nationalism, Orthodoxy
(1994), II; J. Nicolopoulos, “From Agathangelos to the Megale Idea: Russia and the emergence of modern Greek nationalism,”
Balkan Studies
, 26:1 (1985), 41–56.

22.
Mertzios, 407–412.

23.
Ibid., 419–420.

24.
A. Papazoglou, “I Thessaloniki kata ton Maio tou 1821,”
Makedonika
, 1 (1940), 417–428.

25.
A. Papazoglou, “I Thessaloniki,” 423.

26.
W. M. Leake,
Travels in Northern Greece
, III:1 (London, 1835), 202.

27.
A. Karathanasis, “Thessaloniki pendant la première année de la Résurrection Hellénique vue par le consul François Bottu,”
Thessaloniki
, 1 (1995).

28.
A. Karathanasis, “Thessaloniki,” 101.

29.
M. Lascaris, “La Révolution Grecque vue de Salonique: Rapports des consuls de France et d’Autriche (1821–1826),”
Balcania
(1943), 161.

30.
Vasdravellis,
Istorika Archeia Makedonias
, 500–501.

7 / Pashas, Beys and Money-lenders

1.
PRO 30/22/88 (1859–60), p. 63; FO 195/586, 1 August 1859.

2.
A. Cunningham, “Stratford Canning and the
Tanzimat
,” in E. Ingram, ed.,
Eastern Questions in the Nineteenth Century: Collected Essays
, vol. II (London, 1993), 118–119.

3.
K. Karpat, “
Millets
and nationality: the roots of the incongruity of nation and state in the post-Ottoman era,” in B. Braude and B. Lewis, eds.,
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Lands
, I (London, 1982), 141–171.

4.
FO 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 9 April 1840; FO 78/531, “Mr. Consul Blunt’s report upon the commerce of Salonica during the year ending the 31 December 1842.”

5.
FO 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 13 Nov. 1840; G.F. Bowen,
Mount Athos, Thessaly and Epirus
(London, 1852), 127–128; K. Braun-Wiesbaden,
Eine türkische Reise
, ii (Stuttgart, 1876), 87–100.

6.
Vakalopoulos, 88; FO 195/371, Blunt-Canning, 29 Sept. 1853; 195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 18 Dec. 1839; 195/1196, Barker-Layard, 25 Nov. 1878.

7.
FO 195/649, Calvert-Constantinople, 28 Feb. 1860; FO 78/612, Blunt-Canning, 28 March 1845; 195/811, Wilkinson-Stuart, 11 Sept. 1865; 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 30 Sept. 1840.

8.
FO 78/651, Blunt-Wellesley, 24 Nov. 1846.

9.
FO 195/952, Wilkinson-Rumbold, 16 March 1872; FO 195/240, Blunt-Stratford Canning, 16 Oct. 1845.

10.
FO 195/952, Wilkinson-Rumbold, 16 March 1872.

11.
FO 195/723, Calvert-Bulwer, 20 Sept. 1862; 195/371, Blunt-Canning, 22 July 1851.

12.
FO 78/651, Blunt-Canning, 8 April 1846.

13.
A. H. Midhat Bey,
The Life of Midhat Pasha
(London, 1903), 67; D. Urquhart,
La Turquie: Ses resources, son organisation, son commerce
(Brussels, 1837), ii, 150–151.

14.
L. Stavrianos,
The Balkans since 1453
(1958), 382–383; FO 195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 27 June 1837; 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 24 July 1840.

15.
K. Vakalopoulos, “Pos eidan oi evropaioi tin katastasi sti Makedonia ton perasmeno aiona,”
Makedonika
, 20 (1980), 65–71; on Bekir Pasha see also the memoirs of his doctor, Zallony, M. P. Zallony, “Essay on the Fanariotes,” in C. Swan,
Journal of a Voyage up the Mediterranean
(London, 1826), ii, 391–394.

16.
FO 78/57, Leake-Howick, 25 Jan. 1807.

17.
FO 195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 30 Jan. 1838; 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 9 April 1840.

18.
195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 20 July 1837; 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 23 April 1840.

19.
K. Karpat, “The transformation of the Ottoman state, 1789–1908,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
, 3:3 (July 1972), 263.

20.
F. Ahmad,
The Young Turks: The CUP in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914
(Oxford, 1969); A. Mango,
Ataturk
(London, 1999), 67–8, 81, 412; FO 371/1997, Elliot-Grey, 8 Oct. 1914.

21.
FO 286/874, Henderson-Bentinck, 29 Jan. 1923.

22.
FO 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 16 Sept. 1840.

23.
FO 371/371, Blunt-Stratford Canning, 28 Oct. 1851.

24.
FO 195/371, Blunt-Canning, 10 Dec. 1857.

25.
K. Vakalopoulos, “Pos eidan oi evropaioi,” 91.

26.
FO 195/477, “Lord Napier’s Mission to Salonica,” passim; S. Levy,
Salonique à la fin du XIXe siècle
(Istanbul, 2000), 72; Urquhart,
La Turquie
, 155.

27.
Levy,
Salonique
, 72–73.

28.
J. M. Wallace, “Urendjik—and all that!,”
Mosquito
, 74 (June 1946); V. Colonas, “Nouveaux éléments sur l’histoire du bâtiment de la Banque Ottomane à Thessalonique,”
Makedonika
, 11 (1971).

8 / 
Religion in the Age of Reform

1.
C. V. Findley,
Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: the Sublime Porte, 1789–1922
(Princeton, 1980), 7; E. Ginio, “Aspects of Muslim culture in the Ottoman Balkans” in D. Tziovas, ed.,
Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters since the Enlightenment
(Ashgate, 2003), 117.

2.
D. Urquhart,
La Turquie
(Brussels, 1837), ii, 28; Stavrianos,
The Balkans since 1453
, 316; H. Temperley,
The Crimea: England and the Near East
(London, 1936), 22–23; D. Quataert, “Clothing laws, state and society in the Ottoman empire, 1720–1829,”
International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
, 29 (1997), 403–425.

3.
S. Mardin,
The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought
(Princeton, 2000 ed.), 128; B. Abu-Manneh, “The Sultan and the bureaucracy: the anti-Tanzimat concepts of Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Pasha,”
IJMES
, 22 (1990), 257–274.

4.
H. Temperley,
The Crimea: England and the Near East
(London, 1936), 89; FO 195/176, Blunt-Ponsonby, 30 July 1840.

5.
FO 195/371, Blunt-Stratford Canning, 29 April 1851; FO 195/526, Blunt-Canning, 20 March 1856; FO 195/586, Ioannides-Calvert, 1 August 1858; FO 195/685, Calvert-Constantinople, 2 July 1861.

6.
FO 195/811, Wilkinson-Stuart, 1 April 1867; 195/952, Wilkinson-Rumbold, n.d. [1872]; A. L. Tibawi,
American Interests in Syria, 1800–1901
(Oxford, 1966), 173.

7.
FO 195/1107,
Selanik
, 18 May 1876.

8.
FO 78/700, Blunt-Cowley, 22 Sept. 1847; FO 195/1065, Blunt-Elliott, 1 Jan. 1875.

9.
J. Nehama,
Histoire des Israélites de Salonique
, vi–vii (Thessaloniki, 1978), 565;
Missionary Register
(Feb. 1850), 83.

10.
FO 195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 11 April 1839.

11.
FO 195/100, Blunt-Ponsonby, 20 June 1839.

12.
FO 195/240, Blunt-Stratford Canning, 18 June 1846.

13.
FO 195/371, Blunt-Porter, 28 Dec. 1852.

14.
FO 195/371, Blunt-Porter, 25 Jan. 1853.

15.
P. Dumont, “La structure sociale de la communauté juive de Salonique à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle,”
Revue Historique
, CCLXIII/2, 352–393.

16.
Sir Henry Bulwer in A. L. Tibawi,
American Interests in Syria, 1800–1901
(Oxford, 1966), 173.

17.
Missionary Register
(Sept. 1826), 423–424; J. Brewer,
A Residence at Constantinople in the Year 1827
(New Haven, 1830), 294.

18.
Missionary Register
(Jan. 1831), 24; J. Wolff (G. Wint, ed.),
A Mission to Bokhara
(New York, 1969), 1–5; A. Slade,
Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, etc. and of a Cruise in the Black Sea with the Captain Pasha
(London, 1854), 514.

19.
K. Vakalopoulos, “Pos eidan oi evropaioi tin katastasi sti Makedonia ton perasmeno aiona,”
Makedonika
, 20 (1980), 88; “Narrative of facts and incidents in the Life of John Meshullam,” in A. B. Wood,
Meshullam! Or Tidings from Jerusalem. From the Journal of a Believer Recently returned from the Holy Land
(Philadelphia, 1851), 96–97.

20.
S. I. Prime,
The Bible in the Levant; or The Life and Letters of the Reverend C. N. Richter, agent of the American Bible Society in the Levant
(New York, 1859), 89–90;
Missionary Register
(Dec. 1851), 514; Slade,
Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, etc.
, 516.

21.
FO 195/586, Calvert-Constantinople, August 10, 1858.

22.
FO 195/240, Blunt-Canning, August 20, 1845; FO 195/1196, Barker-Layard, 11 May 1878.

23.
S. Deringil, “ ‘There is no compulsion in religion’: on conversion and apostasy in the late Ottoman empire,” in his
The Ottomans, the Turks and World Power Politics
(Istanbul, 2000), 122.

24.
FO 195/240, Blunt-Canning, August 20, 1845; 195/1255, Blunt-Layard, 30 June 1879.